SkoposTheory 翻译目的论 • Skopo: the Greek for “the goal, the function” • Translate/Interpret/Speak/Write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.
Development—Katharina Reiss
Development—Hans Vermeer
• Grundlegung einer allgemeinenTranslationstheorie
（《普通翻译理论原理》,1984）was the foundational text of functionalist theory.
• Greatly empower the
Disadvantages
• Translators are becoming
translators
• Effective in the evaluation
more subordinate to the initiators.
• Cannot escape their
Development—Holz-Mä nttä ri
Translator×
Message Transmitter√
The status of translator: • Not a secondary, mechanical scribe • A cross-cultural professional • A responsible partner in communication events • Has equal status with authors and editors
德文 英文 inhaltsbetonte texts emphasizing content or information formbetonte texts appellbetonte texts
中文 信息型文本
emphasizing the form 表达型文本 of the language emphasizing appeal to 操作型文本 the reader
Development—Christiane Nord
Some Additions • The initiator（翻译发起人）decides upon the translation’s goal, not the author, receiver, or translator.
• The translation brief
• To translate means to produce a target text in a target
setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.
Development—Hans Vermeer
Acknowledgements: 刘青青 吴九慧 徐楚
Contents
Background Functionalist Theories Development Comments
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Background
Two Schools The Leipzig School 莱比锡派 Albrecht Neubert, Otto Kade Based on generative transformational grammar The Saarbrücken School 萨尔派
Development—Katharina Reiss
• Möglichhkeiten und Grenzen der Ü bersetzungskritik
（《翻译批评的可能性与限制》,1971）set up the prototype of functionalist theory. • Text Types
Representatives
Features
Wolfman Wilss
Loyal follower of Nida
Equivalence was the core of translation study. Translation was enslaved by Linguistics. Translation theory divorced from practice.
SkoposTheory 翻译目的论 Three Rules • The TT is determined by its skopos（目的法则） • The TT must be internally coherent（语内连贯法则） • The TT must be coherent with the ST（语际连贯法则） The focus of translation:
of translation • Successful in political and business translation
normative and prescriptive nature
（翻译纲要）provides as many details (the purpose, the addressee, the time, the place, the occasion, and the medium) for the translator to follow.
Comments
Advantages