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4
Cicero (西塞罗公元前 106-前43年, 古罗马政治家、雄辩家)
• "I saw that to employ the same expressions
profited me nothing, while to employ others was a positive hindrance… Afterwards I resolved to translate freely Greek speeches of the most eminent orators". As a consequence, "I not only found myself using the best words, and yet quite familiar ones, but also coining by analogy certain words such as would be new to our people, provided only they were appropriate" (Robinson 1997a: 7).
inquiry", growing out of German
Romanticism around the beginning of the
nineteenth century, -
2
• (3) a "modern" period, reaching well into
the twentieth century, in which the
translation theory“.
• Jerome maintained the major terms of source
text and target text, original meaning and
translated meaning, the concepts of literal and
dynamic translation ("word for word" and "sense
for sense“).
• Interpreting the original meaning "correctly in
order to reproduce it properly" (Gentzler 1993:
influence of General Linguistics is
increasingly dominant
• (4) the contemporary period, a cultural
turn to translation studies.
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3
a "traditional" period
• Over two millennia, only a few authors
have succeeded in introducing "anything fundamental or new". These creators and transformers include " Saint Jerome, Luther, Dryden, Holderlin, Novalis, Schleiermacher, Nietzsche, Ezra Pound, " (1998: 283)
• "wild, shaggy, "rebellious"
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9
马丁·路德 （1483-1546）
• 翻译必须采用人民的语言。 • 翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不
beginning of the Christian era to the end of
the eighteenth century, which is a period of
"immediate empirical focus“
• (2) a period of "theory and hermeneutic
6
St. Jerome
• He insisted on “the accurate transmission of the
meaning of the text rather than the budding
orator's freely ranging imagination“.
• He introduced "the first major shift in western
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5
西塞罗主要观点
• 译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马
语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。
• 直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语
最内层的东西，即意思。
• 翻译也是文学创作。 • 各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译
可以做到风格对等。
• 提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即
直译与意译。
-
95).
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7
哲罗姆（347--420）
• 翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活
的原则。
• 应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者
意译，后者直译。
• 正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。
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8பைடு நூலகம்
Martin Luther
• Luther"s aim is to keep communication
with readers and listeners, but the audience for his new translation of the scriptures was composed not of scholars but plain speakers of vernacular German, "the mother in her house, the children in the street, and the common man in the market" (Robinson 1997a: 25, modified).
Translation theories in the west
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1
• According to Steiner (1998: 248-9), the
history of discourse on translation is
divided into four periods:
• (1) a "traditional" period, from the