第2章英语语音课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.【答案】F(2) Not all English phonemes have allophones.【答案】T(3) The same set of vowels is used in all languages.【答案】F(4) All syllables must contain at least one vowel.【答案】F(5) The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.【答案】F(6) English is a tone language.【答案】FIn-Class Activities1. In order to discover the phonemes used in the sound system of a language, scholars once designed a method based on the notion of minimal pairs, like “pat”vs. “fat”. Three requirements were proposed for identifying a minimal pair: (1) the two words are different in meaning; (2) the two words are different because of just one phoneme; and (3) the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment. By phonetic environment we mean the sound(s) preceding and that/those following it, e. g. the phonetic environment of [I] in [pit] is [p_t] and that of [P] is [#_it] (#stands for a word or syllable boundary). The contrasting sounds in words forming a minimal pair are said to be in contrastive distribution, as in [bit] vs. [beit] and [pit] vs. [bit].Ask(1) What is the phonetic environment of [t] in [pit] ?Key: [i_](2) Are the following pairs of words minimal pairs?a. desk vs. task;b. leave vs. leakKey: a. No.b. Yes. ( li:v vs. li:k )2. Allophones as the realizations of the same phoneme are technically said to be in complementary distribution; in other words, they are found in different phonetic environments. For instance, the allophones of the phoneme /l/, clear [l] and dark [?], occur as follows:Clear [1]: occurs before vowels or after initial consonant(s) like /b/, /s/, /k/, //,/f/, /p/, /sp/.Dark [?]: occurs elsewhere.Ask(1) Characterize how the allophones of the phoneme/k/are complementarily distributed.Key: [k h ] in initial position; [k]after /s/; [k¬] in final position.(2) Is there any other way of characterizing the complementary distribution of clear [l] and dark [?]?Key: [l] before vowels; [ł] elsewhere.3. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/is defined as composed of such distinctive features as [plosive] + [bilabial] + [breathed] because each of them can distinguish/p/from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [P h] does not distinguish of meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case. Ask(1) What distinctive feature makes/f/and/v/different?Key: [voiced].(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?a. /y/;b. /k/;c. /n/Key: a. /y/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal]b. /k/ [velar] + [voiceless] + [plosive]c. /n/ [nasal] + [voiced] + [alveolar]4. Suppose the distribution of [r] and [l] in the following words is characteristic of Korean: rupi; “ruby”; mul; “water”; kiri; “road”; pal; “leg”; saram; “person”; səul; “Seoul”; ratio; “radio”; ipalsa; “barber”(1) Are [r] and [l] in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?Key: Yes. [r] occurs before vowels; [l] occurs after vowels.(2) Do they occur in any minimal pairs?Key: No.(3) Suppose that [r] and [l] are allophones of one phoneme. State the rule that can derive the allophonic forms.Key: [r] is lateralized when it occurs after vowels.5. A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/ neighboring sound; e. g. [] is realized as [], [] and [] respectively in “impossible”, “irresistible “, and “ illegal “ This is what we call the assimilation rule. Assimilation, particularly noticeable in ordinary conversational speech, occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, when you tell someone “I can go”, the influence of the following velar [] will almost certainly make the preceding nasal sound In [] come out as [] (a velar) rather than [] (an alveolar). Notice also that the vowel in “can” has also changed to schwa []from the isolated-word version [] through the process of weakening.Ask(1) Can you give more examples of assimilation?Key: compatriot, sing.(2) Can you find any exceptions?Key: input, unbeatable, Canberra.Now, study the following dialect of English carefully. There seems to be a predictable variant [] of the diphthong [].(3) What phonetic segments condition this change?Key: The consonant immediately after the vowel.6. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, “economics” can be read as both[] and []. Here, // and //are in free distribution.Ask:(1) Can you give more examples of free variation?Key: advertisement [əd΄və:tismənt] [əd΄və:tizmənt]; association [əsəusi΄eiʃən] [əsəu i΄eiən](2) Why do you think such a phenomenon exists in a language like English?Key: Individual variation is responsible for this phenomenon.7. A certain sound in words like “sign”, “design” and “resign” may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented, while their corresponding nominal forms, namely “signature”, “designation” and “resignation”, involve the articulation of the sound. The process involved here is the deletion rule.Ask(1) Which sound is deleted in “sign”, “design” and “resign”?Key: [g](2) Can you offer other examples of deletion?Key: paradigm (atic), condemn(ation)(3) Can you give some words that involve total deletion?Key: plumb, plumber; climb, climbing(4) Are there any other types of deletion in English?Key: debt, know8. English has a number of expressions such as “chit-chat” and “flip-flop” which never seem to occur in the reverse order (i.e. chat-chit, flop-flip). Here are more。