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2019新版考研高数模拟试题(含答案)

2019最新考研数学模拟试题(含答案)学校:__________ 考号:__________一、解答题1.如果()f x '在[a ,b ]上连续,在(a ,b )内可导且()0,()0,f a f x '''≥>证明:()()f b f a >. 证明:因为()f x '在[a , b ]上连续,在(a ,b )内可导,故在[a ,x ]上应用拉格朗日定理,则(,),()a x a x b ξ∃∈<<,使得()()()0f x f a f x aξ''-''=>-,于是()()0f x f a ''>≥,故有()()f b f a >2.证明本章关于梯度的基本性质(1)~(5). 证明:略3.写出下列数列的通项公式,并观察其变化趋势:1234579(1)0,,,,,; (2)1,0,3,0,5,0,7,0,; (3)3,,,,.3456357----解: 1(1),1n n x n -=+当n →∞时,1n x →.1(2)cosπ2n n x n -=, 当n 无限增大时,有三种变化趋势:趋向于+∞,趋向于0,趋向于-∞.21(3)(1)21nn n x n +=--,当n 无限增大时,变化趁势有两种,分别趋于1,-1.4.设()f x 在[0,1]上连续,且0()1f x ≤≤,证明:至少存在一点[0,1]ξ∈,使()f ξξ=.证:令()()F x f x x =-,则()F x 在[0,1]上连续,且(0)(0)0,(1)(1)10,F f F f =≥=-≤ 若(0)0f =,则0,ξ=若(1)1f =,则1ξ=,若(0)0,(1)1f f ><,则(0)(1)0F F ⋅<,由零点定理,至少存在一点(0,1)ξ∈,使()0F ξ=即()f ξξ=. 综上所述,至少存在一点[0,1]ξ∈,使()f ξξ=.5.讨论下列函数在指定点的连续性与可导性:(1) sin ,0;y x x ==解:因为0,0lim 0x x y y =→==所以此函数在0x =处连续.又00()(0)sin (0)lim lim 1,0x x f x f xf x x---→→--'===-- 00()(0)sin (0)lim lim 1,0x x f x f x f x x+++→→-'===- (0)(0)f f -+''≠,故此函数在0x =处不可导.(2) 21sin ,0, 0;0,0,x x y x xx ⎧≠⎪==⎨⎪=⎩ 解:因为201lim sin0(0),x x y x→==故函数在0x =处连续. 又2001sin ()(0)(0)limlim 00x x x f x f x y x x→→-'===-,故函数在0x =处可导.(3) ,1, 1.2,1,x x y x x x ≤⎧==⎨->⎩解:因为1111lim ()lim(2)1lim ()lim 1x x x x f x x f x x ++--→→→→=-===11lim ()lim ()(1)1x x f x f x f +-→→===,故函数在x =1处连续. 又11()(1)1(1)lim lim 111x x f x f x f x x ---→→--'===-- 11()(1)21(1)lim lim 111x x f x f x f x x +++→→---'===---(1)(1)f f -+''≠,故函数在x=1处不可导.6.已知2()max{,3}f x x =,求()f x '.解:23, (), x f x x x ⎧≤⎪=⎨>⎪⎩当x <时,()0f x '=,当x >时,()2f x x '=,2(((0,x xxf xf-+'===-'==故(f'不存在.又20,(xx xff x-+'=='==+=故f'不存在.综上所述知0,()2,xf xx x⎧<⎪'=⎨>⎪⎩7.求下列函数的导数:⑴3e xy=; ⑵2arctany x=;⑶y=; ⑷2(1)ln(y x x=+⋅;⑸221siny xx=⋅;⑹23cosy ax=(a为常数);⑺1arccosyx=;⑻2(arcsin)2xy=;⑼y=; ⑽sin cosny x nx=⋅;⑾y=⑿arcsiny=;⒀ln cosarctan(sinh)y x=;⒁2arcsin (02a xy aa=>为常数).解:⑴33e xy'=;⑵421xyx'=+;⑶2y'==;⑷22ln((1)(1 y x x x'=⋅++++2ln(x x=;⑸ 22231122sincos ()y x x x x x '=+⋅- 221212sincosx x x x =-; ⑹ 3322cos (sin )3y ax ax ax '=⋅-⋅233sin 2ax ax =-; ⑺21()y x '=-=⑻12arcsin22x y '=2arcsinx=⑼12ln y x x '=⋅=; ⑽ 11sin cos cos sin (sin )sin cos(1)n n n y n x x nx x nx n n x n x --'=⋅+-⋅=⋅+;⑾y '==⑿2(1)(1)(1)x x y x -+--'==+⒀ 211[sin arctan(sinh )]cosh tanh cos arctan(sinh )1(sinh )y x x x x x '=⋅-⋅⋅=-+; ⒁21(2)2x y x a '=-=.8.若π1()1,(arccos )3f y f x '==,求2d d x y x=.解:22d 11(arccos )(()d d π11(d 344x y f x x xy f x='=⋅-'===9.求下列隐函数的导数:⑴ 3330x y axy +-=; ⑵ ln()x y xy =; ⑶ e e 10yxx y -=; ⑷ 22ln()2arctan y x y x+=; ⑸ ex y xy +=解:⑴ 两边求导,得:2233330x y y ay axy ''+⋅--=解得 22ay x y y ax-'=-.⑵ 两边求导,得:11ln()()y xy y y xy xy''=+⋅+ 解得 (ln ln 1)x yy x x y -'=++.⑶ 两边求导,得:e e e e 0y y x x x y y y ''+⋅++=解得 e e =e e y xy xy y x +'-+.⑷ 两边求导,得:222211(22)21()y x yx yy y x y x x'-'⋅+=⋅⋅++ 解得 =x yy x y+'-.⑸ 两边求导,得:e (1)x y y xy y +''+=+解得 e =e x y x yyy x ++-'-.10.设()f x 具有二阶连续导数,且(0)0f =,试证:(), 0,()(0), 0,f x xg x xf x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪'=⎩ 可导,且导函数连续.证明:因()f x 具有二阶连续导数,故0x ≠时,()g x 可导,又002000()(0)()(0)(0)lim lim 0()(0)()(0)lim lim2()(0)lim ,22x x x x x f x f g x g xg x xf x f x f x f x xf x f →→→→→'--'==-'''-⋅-==''''== 故 ()g x 是可导的,且导函数为 2()(), 0,()(0), 0, 2xf x f x x xg x f x '-⎧≠⎪⎪'=⎨''⎪=⎪⎩又因2()()lim ()limx x xf x f x g x x→→'-'= 000()()()lim2()(0)lim lim (0) 22x x x f x xf x f x xf x fg →→→''''+-='''''===故()g x 的导函数是连续的.11.根据下面所给的值,求函数21y x =+的,d y y ∆及d y y ∆-: ⑴ 当1,0.1x x =∆=时; 解:2222()1(1)2210.10.10.21d 2210.10.2d 0.210.20.01.y x x x x x x y x x y y ∆=+∆+-+=∆+∆=⨯⨯+==⋅∆=⨯⨯=∆-=-=. ⑵ 当1,0.01x x =∆=时. 解:222210.010.010.0201d 2210.010.02d 0.02010.020.0001.y x x x y x x y y ∆=∆+∆=⨯⨯+==⋅∆=⨯⨯=∆-=-=12.没1()1x f x x -=+,求1(0),(),().f f x f x- 解: 10(0)110f -==+,1()1(),1()1x x f x x x --+-==+--1111().111x x f x x x--==++13.设某种商品的需求弹性为0.8,则当价格分别提高10%,20%时,需求量将如何变化? 解:因弹性的经济意义为:当自变量x 变动1%,则其函数值将变动%Ey Ex ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭. 故当价格分别提高10%,20%时,需求量将分别提高0.8×10%=8%,0.8×20%=16%.14.下列函数是否相等,为什么?222(1)()();(2)sin (31),sin (31);1(3)(),() 1.1f xg x y x u t x x f x g x x x ===+=+-==+- 解: (1)相等.因为两函数的定义域相同,都是实数集R;x =知两函数的对应法则也相同;所以两函数相等. (2)相等.因为两函数的定义域相同,都是实数集R,由已知函数关系式显然可得两函数的对应法则也相同,所以两函数相等. (3)不相等.因为函数()f x 的定义域是{,1}x x x ∈≠R ,而函数()g x 的定义域是实数集R,两函数的定义域不同,所以两函数不相等.15.判定下列曲线的凹凸性: (1) y =4x -x 2;解:42,20y x y '''=-=-<,故知曲线在(,)-∞+∞内的图形是凸的. (2) sin(h )y x =;解:cosh ,sinh .y x y x '''==由sinh x 的图形知,当(0,)x ∈+∞时,0y ''>,当(,0)x ∈-∞时,0y ''<, 故y =sinh x 的曲线图形在(,0]-∞内是凸的,在[0,)+∞内是凹的.1(3) (0)y x x x=+> ;解:23121,0y y x x '''=-=>,故曲线图形在(0,)+∞是凹的. (4) y =x arctan x . 解:2arctan 1xy x x '=++,2220(1)y x ''=>+ 故曲线图形在(,)-∞+∞内是凹的.16.试决定曲线y =ax 3+bx 2+cx +d 中的a ,b ,c ,d ,使得x =-2处曲线有水平切线,(1,-10)为拐点,且点(-2,44)在曲线上. 解:令f (x )= ax 3+bx 2+cx +d联立f (-2)=44,f ′(-2)=0,f (1)=-10,f ″(1)=0 可解得a =1,b =-3,c =-24,d =16.17.利用换元法求下列积分:2(1)cos()d x x x ⎰;解:原式=22211cos d sin .22x x x c =+⎰(2)x ;解:原式=12333(sin cos )d(sin cos )(sin cos ).2x x x x x x c ---=-+⎰2d (3)21xx -⎰; 解:原式=1d 112x c =+-+⎰.c =+3(4)cos d x x ⎰;解:原式=231(1sin )dsin sin sin .3x x x x c -=-+⎰(5)cos cos d 2xx x ⎰;解:原式=1133d sin sin .cos cos 232222x x x x c x ⎛⎫=+++ ⎪⎝⎭⎰ (6)sin 2cos3d x x x ⎰;解:原式=111(sin 5sin )d cos cos5.2210x x x x x c -=-+⎰2arccos (7)xx ;解:原式=2arccos 2arccos 1110d(2arccos )10.22ln10x xx c -=-⋅+⎰21ln (8)d (ln )xx x x +⎰; 解:原式=21(ln )d(ln ).ln x x x x c x x-=-+⎰(9)x ;解:原式=2.c =+⎰ln tan (10)d cos sin xx x x⎰;解:原式=21ln tan d(ln tan )(ln tan ).2x x x c =+⎰5(11)e d x x -⎰;解:原式=51e 5x c --+.d (12)12xx-⎰; 解:原式=1ln .122c x -+-(13)t;解:原式=.c =-⎰102(14)tan sec d x x x ⎰;解:原式=10111tan d(tan )tan .10x x x c =+⎰2d (15)ln xx x⎰;解:原式=21(ln )d(ln ).ln x x c x--=+⎰(16)x ⎰;解:原式=ln .c =-+⎰d (17)sin cos xx x⎰;解:原式=2d d tan ln .tan tan cos tan x xc x x x x ==+⎰⎰ 2(18)e d x x x -⎰;解:原式=22211e d()e .22x x x c ----=-+⎰ 10(19)(4)d x x +⎰;解:原式=111(4)11x c ++.(20)⎰解:原式=123311(23)d(23)(23)32x x x c ----=--+⎰.2(21)cos()d x x x ⎰;解:原式=2211sin()sin().22d x x c =+⎰(22)x ; 解:原式=122222d 1()d()2x x a a x a x -⎛⎫ ⎪=--⎰arcsin .xa c a=⋅ d (23)e e x xx-+⎰;解:原式=2d(e )arctane .1(e )x x x c =++⎰ ln (24)d xx x⎰; 解:原式=21ln d(ln )(ln ).2x x x c =+⎰23(25)sin cos d x x x ⎰;解:原式=223511sin (1sin )d(sin )sin sin .35x x x x x c -=-+⎰(26)⎰;解:原式32tan 444sec cos 1sin d d d(sin )tan sin sin x tt t tt t t t t t =-==⎰⎰⎰令311,3sin sin c t t=-++又cos t t ==故上式23(2.3x c x-=+(27)d ln |1|ln(1.1tt t t c c t =-++=++(28);x 解:原式3sec 223tan d 3(sec 1)d 3tan 3x tt t t t t t c ==-=-+⎰⎰令,又3tan arccos ,t t x === 故上式33arccosc x+. (29);解:原式2tan 3sec d cos d sin sec x ttt t t t c t ===+⎰⎰令,又sec t =所以sin t =,故上式c =.(30).解:原式sin cos d sin cos x ttt t t =+⎰令① sin d sin cos tt t t +⎰②① + ② = t + c 1② - ① = ln |sin t +cos t | + c 2 故cos 1d ln sin cos sin cos 2211arcsin ln .22t t t ct t t t x c x =++++=++⎰18.计算下列积分:4(1)x ⎰;333211221313d.36222t t tt⎛⎫⎛⎫==++⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭2e1(2)⎰解:原式=221e211).(1ln)d(1ln)x x-=++=⎰1(3)解:原式=211112⎛⎫+⎪-==π4sin(4)d1sinxxx+⎰;解:原式=πππ244422000sin(1sin)sind d tan dcos cosx xx x x xx x-=-⎰⎰⎰π4π12.tan4cosx xx⎛⎫==+-+⎪⎝⎭ln3ln2d(5)e ex xx--⎰;解:原式=ln3ln32ln2ln2de113e1ln ln.(e)1222e1x xx x-==-+⎰π(6)x⎰;解:原式=πππ2π0002d cos d cos dcosx x x x x xx==-⎰⎰ππ2π02x x==(7)x⎰;解:原式=π33π222π002d sin d sin sin d sinx x x x xx=-⎰⎰⎰ππ55222π2422.sin sin555x x=-=231(8)ln dx x x⎰;解:原式=22243411111151ln d d 4ln 2.ln 44164x x x x x x =-=-⎰⎰π220(9)e cos d x x x ⎰;解:ππππ222222220e cos d e dsin e sin 2e sin d xx xx x x x xx x ==⋅-⎰⎰⎰πππ2π2π22220e 2e d cos e 2e cos 4e cos d x xx x xx x =+=+-⎰⎰所以,原式=π1(e 2)5-.120ln(1)(10)d (2)x x x +-⎰;解:原式=111000111ln(1)ln(1)d d 2212x x x x x x x ++=-⋅--+-⎰⎰101100111ln 2d 321111ln 2ln 2ln(2)ln(1)333xx x x x ⎛⎫=-+ ⎪-+⎝⎭=+-=-+⎰322d (11)2xx x +-⎰;解:原式=3322111111d ln ln 2ln5.333122x x x x x -⎛⎫==-- ⎪-++⎝⎭⎰21(12)x ⎰; 解:原式11611d 6d (1)t 1t t t t t ⎫=-⎪++⎝⎭()67ln 26ln ln ln(1)1t t ==--+ππ3π(13)sin d 3x x ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰;解:原式ππ3πcos 03x ⎛⎫=-=+ ⎪⎝⎭212(14)e d t t t -⎰;解:原式=2212122ed e 12t t t --⎛⎫-=-=- ⎪⎝⎭⎰π22π6(15)cos d u u ⎰.解:原式=ππ22ππ661π11(1cos 2)d sin 226824u u u u ⎛⎫+==-+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰19.用定义判断下列广义积分的敛散性,若收敛,则求其值:22π11(1)sin d x x x+∞⎰; 解:原式=22ππ1111lim sin d lim coslim cos1.b bb b b x bx x →+∞→+∞→+∞⎛⎫-=== ⎪⎝⎭⎰ 2d (2);22xx x +∞-∞++⎰解:原式=02200d(1)d(1)arctan(1)arctan(1)(1)1(1)1x x x x x x +∞+∞-∞-∞+++=+++++++⎰⎰πππππ.4242⎛⎫=-+-=- ⎪⎝⎭ 0(3)e d n x x x +∞-⎰(n 为正整数)解:原式=10e d deen x n xn xn x x x x +∞+∞+∞----+-=-⎰⎰100e d !e d !n x x n x x n x n +∞+∞---=+===⎰⎰(4)(0)a a >⎰;解:原式=00000πlim lim arcsin lim arcsin .12a a xa a εεεεεε+++--→→→⎛⎫===- ⎪⎝⎭⎰e1(5)⎰;解:原式=()e e 0110πlim arcsin(ln )lim lim arcsin .ln(e )2x εεεεεε+++--→→→===-⎰1(6)⎰.解:原式=1120+⎰2121221111202lim 2lim πππlim lim 2222π.424εεεεεε++-→→→→=+⎛⎫=+=⋅+=- ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰20. 求半径为R ,高为h 的球冠的表面积. 解:D =2π⎠⎛R -hR x 1+x ′2d y=2π⎠⎜⎜⎛arc sin R -hRπ2R cos θ()R cos θ′2+()R sin θ′2d θ=2π⎠⎜⎜⎛arc sin R -hR π2R 2cos θd θ=2πR 2[]sin θπ2arc sinR -h R=2πRh .21.求正弦交流电0i I sin t ω=经过半波整流后得到电流0πsin ,0π2π0,I t t i t ωωωω⎧≤≤⎪⎪=⎨⎪≤≤⎪⎩的平均值和有效值。

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