• 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 • 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 • 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。
• 4）…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good father or mother, a good daughter, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;…(W. M. Thackeray : Vanity Fair) • ……不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的 好话: • 真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的女儿，贤良的妻 子，尽职的丈夫， • 他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们；……
• a good man • a good book • good news • • • 1) It was a girl with good manners. 2) These were all labeled as good eggs. 3) Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends.
–上场 –上访 – –上轨道 –上马 –上台 –上演
to appear on the stage
to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help
to get on the right track to mount a horse to come to power to perform
• 一辆小车停在桥西头。 • A car was parked at the west of the bridge.
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• 让我从头讲起吧。
• Let me tell the story from the very beginning.
• 他们是一头儿的。 • They are on the same side. • 他头天上午就来了。 • He came here the previous morning.
My initial reaction was driven by embarrassment. I felt that the child’s actions reflected on me.
• • • • • •
to show 反映 我觉得孩子的行为反映到我身上. to think carefully 我感到孩子的行为令我深思. 反射 我感到孩子的行为反射到自己身上.
上坟
上火
上门
上膛
上瘾
to appear in the newspaper
上报 上告 上课
to go into battle
to complain to the higher authorities or appeal to a higher court to be getting on in years to attend class
• soft pillow 软枕 soft music 轻柔的音乐 soft cushion 靠垫 soft wood 软木 soft money 纸币 soft drink 不含酒精的饮料 soft breeze 和风 soft light 柔光 soft voice 低声 soft fire 文火 soft hat 呢帽 soft words 和蔼的话 soft answer 委婉的回答 soft goods 毛织品 soft heart 慈心 soft water 软水（不含矿物盐类的水）
– 上班 – 上当 – 上坟 – 上火 – 上门 – 上膛 –
上报 上瘾 上告 上课 上年纪 上阵
上膘 上吊 上钩 上路 上任 上刑
上场 上访 上轨道 上马 上台 上演
“上”的译法
上班 上当
to go to work; to be on duty to be taken in to visit a grave to honor the memory of the dead to get angry to visit (of a gun) to be loaded to be addicted (to sth.)
• 1他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。 • He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change medicine in the hospital. • He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressing in the hospital.
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• Each word is a new word in a new context. ---Firth (a British linguist)
• 每一个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词。
• • • • • • o? Hello! 今天好热！ How hot it is today! 他身体很好。 He is very well. 邻居对她都很好。 Her neighbors are all very kind to her.
• • • • • • • •
电影要放好长时间？ How long will the film last? 这我们好解决。 The problem can be easily solved. 好的开始是成功的一半。 Well begun, half done. 计划订好了。 The plan has been drawn up.
• You shall know a word by the company it keeps. --- Firth • 特定搭配关系中的多义词，其义项往往会变得 单一化明朗化。 • 正式会议 formal meeting • 正式声明 official statement • 正式成员 the full member of the delegation
• 经济法制化:manage economic affairs within a framework • 经济全球化: economic globalization • 社会知识化:build a knowledge-driven society • 国际关系民主化: the practice of democracy in international relations • 国民经济信息化: build an information-based national economy • 科研成果产业化: apply scientific research results to industrial production
第一节 翻译中的选义
第二节 翻译中的选词
第三节 翻译中的多样性
• 词是句子甚至整个语篇的基本构建单位，如何选择恰当的 词义，是翻译过程中首先要碰到的问题。
• 英语和汉语的词汇都非常丰富，英语的一词多义 (polysemy)，汉语的一字多义的现象十分普遍。
• • • • • • • •
这娃娃头真大！ 她正在梳头。 他的女儿在山头上玩。 一辆小车停在桥西头。 让我从头讲起吧。 他们是一头儿的。 他头天上午就来了。 这还是我头一次来杭州呢。
朗文当代高级 英汉词典
My initial reaction was driven by embarrassment. I felt that the child’s actions reflected on me.
• reflect on sb/sth：to influence people’s opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way • 我感到孩子的行为让我丢了脸。
• 胆小如鼠:as timid as a rat/rabbit • 落汤鸡:a drowned rat/chicken • 养虎为患:to cherish a snake/tiger in one’s bosom • 瓮中捉鳖: like a rat in the hole • 如鱼得水: like a duck/fish to water • 愚蠢如猪: as stupid as a goose/pig • 犟得像头牛: as stubborn as a donkey/ox
上年纪
上阵
上膘 上吊
to rise to the bait to take up an official post to put sb. to torture (of animals) to become fat to set out on a journey
上钩 上路
上任 上刑
to hang oneself
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好，今天到此为止。 Well, let us call it a day. 今天下午好几个人找你。 Quite a few people came in looking for you this afternoon. • 你留个电话，有事好跟你联系。 • Give me your telephone number so that I can contact you when necessary.
• • • • • • • • • • •
a good Christian a good parent a good child a good wife a good tooth a good reason a good income a good table a good person a good heart good manners