直译决非死译。 死译是翻译时是以词为单位进行考虑的，力求 翻译目标语的每一个词都能与原语中的词绝对对等，这是一种 “对号入座”式的翻译
下各例译文A均为典型的死译： （1）橱窗里摆着的是什么东西？
A：Shop window in displayed is what thing? B：What’s that in the shop window? （2）好是很好，可是买这么多扇子干什么呀？ A：Good is very good,but buy so many fans do what? B: It is good, but why do you buy so many fans?
3.雨可能会停，但带把伞又何妨呢？ The rain may hold off, but it won’t hurt you to take an umbrella with you.
4.接着走过三个人来，头戴方巾,……都是四五十岁光景，手摇白纸扇 ，缓步而来。
Behind him came three men in scholar’s square caps, … all some forty to fifty years old, fanning themselves with white paper fans, they advanced slowly.
归化法是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价 值观，把原作者带入译入语文化”。
(1) Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
(2) Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。
（4）Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own; in pain and sickness it would still be dear.
A：你的肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己的一样亲；它即 使在病痛中，仍然是亲的。
B：在我看来，你身上的每一个细胞都像我自己的细胞一样亲；即使 你痛苦你生病，也还是一样亲。
B：当一名教师就意味着目睹上帝造人的过程，目睹用泥土捏成的人 体开始呼吸。
【2003年TEM8汉译英试题】
得病以前,我受父母的宠爱,在家中横行霸道,一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上的 一幢小房子里,我顿感打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。
【考生】Before I illed, my parents spoiled me, I was very autocratical（专横的）at home, but now isolated, I was custodied in a small house in the garden hill, suddenly, I felt very cold like in the ice house, very sad.
She had more chambers in heart than the martyred Bi Gan; and suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi. (Ha wkes)
Domestication refers to the target-cultureoriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target cult ure are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.
（3）回国以后送给朋友。做得多精细啊！ A：Return country after present friends. Made how delicate！
B：I’ll give them to my friends when I go home. Aren’t they delicately made?
3) To be or not to be: that is the question.
【直译】活下去还是不活：这是问题（卞之琳译） 【意译】 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题（朱生豪译） 【意译】 死后还是存在，还是不存在，——这是问题（梁实秋译 ）
4) For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo.
1.我在学堂里坐着，心里也闷，不如给人家放牛。 I feel sitting in school boring anyway. I’d rather look after our neighbor’s buffaloes.
2.他一边写着，一边注视着窗外，防止被巡查的人员看见。 While writing, he would keep an eye on the outside of the window for fear the the guard on duty would see him.
losers in the fight.
CONTENTS
直译LITERAL TRANS 意译FREE TRANS 直译意译兼用LITERAL + FREE 直译加注释LITERAL + NOTE 释义性翻译EXPLAINING
直译LITERALTRANS
直译指在翻译过程中按原文逐字逐句一对一的翻译（word-forword translation）。 直译能传达原文意义，忠实原文形式。
直译与意译
Literal and Free
GROUP 2
WARM UP
1.浑水摸鱼 2.赴汤蹈火 3.随波逐流 4.缘木求鱼 5.挂羊头，卖狗肉 6.谋事在人，成事在天 7.空中楼阁 8.充耳不闻
1.To fish in troubled water 2.Go through fire and water. 3.To go with the tide 4.Seek a hare in a hen‘s nest 5.Cry up wine and sell vinegar 6.Man proposes, God disposes. 7.Castles in the air 8.Turn a deaf ear to
【意译1】这是冬天里一个寒冷的一天。 【意译2】这是的寒冷一天。 【意译3】这是一个寒冷的冬日。
2) She liked to be with him better than with others.
【直译1】她喜欢和他在一起，并不那样喜欢和别人在一起。 【直译2】她喜欢和他在一起，胜过和别人在一起。 【直译3】和他在一起，比和别人在一起，是她更加喜欢的。 【意译1】她觉得跟他比跟别人在一起更开心。 【意译2】她觉得跟他在一起比跟谁都开心。 【意译3】她觉得跟他在一起最开心了。 【意译4】她觉得最开心的事，就是跟他在一起。 【意译5】她喜欢跟他在一起，（因为）那是最开心的事。
【改译】 Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot. I could have my way at home. Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.
(3) The new Secretary does well, “New brooms sweep clean.” 新任秘书干得好，“新官上任三把火”
直译意译兼用LITERAL+FREE
直译和意译兼用也被看作是 “平行式转换” (Paralleling)。这 中翻译方法是指在翻译过程中将直译和意译二者结合，交替使用 。
异化法是“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文 本的 语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。
(1) 心比比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（《红楼梦》）
She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Sh ih. (YangXianyi)
异化与归化
Foreignization & Domestication
Foreignization is a source-cultureoriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and cul ture into the target one.
1. 对牛弹琴 2. 竭泽而渔 3. 易如反掌 4. 口蜜腹剑 5. 井底之蛙 6. 史无前例 7. 两败俱伤
1.To play the lute to a cow. 2.To drain a pond to catch all the fish 3.To be as easy as turning over one’s hand 4.To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted 5.To be like a frog at the bottom of a well 6.To be without precedent in history 7.Both sides suffer./ Both sides would be
5.年岁不好，柴米又贵；这几件旧衣服和旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖了； 只靠着我替人家做些针线活寻来的钱，如何供得你读书？ Times are hard, and fuel and rice are expensive. Our old clothes and our few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. We have nothing to live on but what I make by sewing. How can I pay for your schooling?