Chapter IThe definition of “word”Bloomfield:forms which can occur as sentences可以自由地即不依赖于其他词自由运用的形式。
必须附属于其他词才能使用的形式。
Woods wood (free) -s (bound)consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms (a phrase)Poor John John ran awayA minimum free form 词是最小的自由形式，是音、形、义的结合体。
Antoine Meillet:A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use. Minimal free formA fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function1. The Development of English V ocabularyVocabulary: all the words in a language together constitute its vocabularyA. The historical development of English vocabulary:449-1100 OE 5-6万词汇Anglo-Saxon and old Norse words法文英文中文翻译citécity 城市duc duke 大公baron baron 男爵juge judge 法官armée army 军队ennemi enemy 敌人garde guard 门卫prison prison 监狱libertée liberty 自由limon lemon 柠檬beuf beef 牛肉saumon salmon 鲑鱼（三文鱼）herbe herb 草药Latin words: mainly related to religion古英语主要是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的词语。
诺曼底征服后的英语引进了很多法语词和拉丁语词。
屈折变化复杂，是综合性语言。
Middle Englishn.1. The word "girl" is derived from Middle English "girle".“girl”这个词是由中世纪英文中的“girle”来的。
来自《现代汉英综合大词典》2. Middle English was spoken from about AD 1100 to 1450.中古英语约在公元1100年到1450年之间使用。
来自辞典例句3. Old English merged into Middle English in the 12th century.12世纪时，古英语并入了中世纪英语。
4. The Middle English period lasted from about 1150 to 1500.大约从1150年到1500年是中世纪英语时期。
Middle English1100-1500Norman Conquest in 1066 strong influence of French used in state affairs and cultural matters 法语对其影响很大，语法变化日趋明显，语法“性”变为自然“性”，桌椅等不再有性。
由高度屈折向分析型语言变化。
1500-the present Modern English1500-1700 早期现代受文艺复兴影响，强调拉丁、希腊语，引入许多词语和词素。
1700-present 晚期现代B. the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary (especially after WWII) and its causesFrequent appearance of neologisms 新创造出或增加了新词义的词语Marked progress of science and technologySocio-economic, political and cultural changesThe influence f other cultures and languages2. Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaA. by origin: native words and loan wordsNative words: most are monosyllabic, form the great majority of the basic word stock Fundamental features:national character，stability, word-forming ability, ability to form collocationsB. by level of usage:1. common words: connected with everyday activity, can be used in both oral and writtenEnglish.任何时候都可以使用，表达中性意义2. literary words: chiefly used in writing, seldom in ordinary conversation.(archaic words, poetical words)3. colloquial words, 俗词，使用于普通或随便的聊天里的词，许多短语动词、逆生词、截除词，首字母缩写词等，都是俗词。
4. slang, 俚语，某些人在特定场合使用的非正式话语，一般不能用于正式场合和进入书卷5. technical words: words used in various special fields.C. by notion: function words and content wordsChapter IIMorphological Structure of English Words1.morpheme:A.the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable intosmaller forms. 最小的有意义的构词单位。
再切分就会根本改变或丧失意义。
Two 1 boys 2 boy -s nationalize 3 nation -al -izeGun 1 gunfighet: 3 gun-fight-erMorpheme has sound and meaningPhoneme: 音素、音位the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word ,such as “p” and “b” in “pig”and “big”. only convey sound distinction Phonemics or phonology: 音位学、音系学、音韵学、语音体系，the study of the system of speech sounds in a language or the system of sounds itselfMorpheme is not the same as syllable. Syllable has nothing to do with meaning and a morpheme may be represented by one or more syllables.B.allomorph: a morpheme may take various shapes or forms, the forms are variants of thesame morpheme, they are called allomorphs.-s, -es /-s, -z, -iz/-in/ inexcusable, ir/ irregular, im/ immortal, il/ illegal2. Classification of morphemesA. free and bound morphemesFree morpheme: one that can be uttered alone with meaning, it can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In traditional sense, it is a word.Bound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance, must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. E.g. un-kind, re-ceiveB.roots and affixesmorpheme: root morpheme/ affixational morpheme1.root: the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of aword. Historically, the root is the earliest form of a word. It can be either free or bound.词根是词的基础形式，再细分就要失去词的“词性”，词根是除去所有的词缀所剩下的有意义的部分。
Friends, friendship, friendly (friend)free roots/ bound rootsbase: 词基，指一个词去掉所有附加词缀后剩下的部分，常用来代替root，从更广的意义上说，它指词中的任何一个可以对其进行操作（如加词缀）的部分。