读语篇学语法——强调句与倒装句Alaska, which was called Russian America before it was sold to the United States, joined the Union as the 49th state in 1959.Alaska is now the largest of all the 50 states of the USA. ①It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnson’s Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians at the cost of $ million. The buying of the northern land seemed at first something foolishly done.②Not only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war. ③Besides there are volcanoes （火山） there as Alaska lies on the Pacific “ring of fire”. In Alaska large treeless areas are covered with snow all the year round. For these reasons the buying of Alaska was called “Seward’s Folly（蠢事）” at that time.However, in 1896, gold was found in Alaska, and people poured into the land. Then other important natural resources were discovered, including oil. But now most people visit Alaska in order to see the endless beauty of nature that the northern land discloses to them.④ For example, there are about 11,000 islands in Alaska. And in a certain area of Alaska the sun doesn’t set for 82 days every year.强调句：顾名思义，强调句就是对句子的某一成分进行强调，以加强语气或引起重视。
英语中常见的表示强调的方式有以下三种：1. 用助动词do(一般现在时), does(一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数形式)和did(一般过去时)来强调谓语动词。
如：1）The girls do look pretty today.2）The little girl does look nice in that green dress today.3）The boys did have a good time last night.从上述结构不难看出，强调谓语动词时只有两种时态——一般现在时和一般过去时。
2. 固定句型：强调句的句型主要是：It is / was … that / who / whom…。
该句型可以用来强调除谓语动词以外的任何成分。
例如上文中的①：It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnson’s Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians at the cost of $ million. 该句强调了时间状语in 1867。
意思是：正是在1867年，当时担任美国总统Andrew Johnson国务卿的William H. Seward以七百二十万美元的价格从俄罗斯人手里买下了阿拉斯加。
2）It was their teacher who helped them solve the problem.正是他们的老师帮他们解决了这一问题。
3）It was Lucy whom Tom met in the party yesterday.Tom昨天在聚会上见到的正是Lucy。
注意：⑴该句型中的that，who和whom都不可以省略。
如1）It was last month that I bought a video camera. (该句中的that不能换成when)2）It was in London that I met her for the first time. (该句中的that 不能换成where)⑷ that和who在强调句中充当主语时，谓语动词的数要与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致；另外，其时态也要保持一致。
例如：1）It is I who am responsible for the traffic accident.2）It was in the 1960’s that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.⑸还有一种发生了改变的强调句型：It is / was not until +被强调部分[时间状语（词、短语或从句）]+ that从句（用肯定句）…。
例如：1）It was not until 11:45 that he went to bed.2）It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she wasa famous film star.3. 其他可以用于表示强调的方式：⑴用副词或短语表示强调，以加强语气，如：only, even, much, enough, by far, still, well, very, terribly, simply, on earth（究竟）, in the world （究竟）, under the sun（究竟）, at all（根本）等。
例如：1）What on earth does this mean2）The book is well worth reading.⑵用双重否定表示肯定并强调。
例如：1）It’s never too late to learn.⑶用倒装句表示强调。
1）Only then did I realize that I was wrong.2）By no means is translation easy.3）Not only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.倒装句：在英语中比较常见的句子语序都是主语+谓语，例如：I have a book.而倒装句则采用的句子语序是谓语+主语的形式。
例如：Here comes the bus.倒装语序分为两种形式：部分倒装和全部倒装。
1. 部分倒装：谓语中的一部分（如助动词do, does, did, have, has, had, will, shall, would, should等、情态动词can, could, may, might, must, would, should, need等或be动词am, is, are, was, were等）放在主语的前面，而谓语动词的其它部分则仍然放在主语的后面。
例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his radio was missing.At no time will China be a superpower.使用部分倒装的情况主要有以下几种：⑴含有否定意义的副词或短语，如：never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, nowhere, not, no more, no longer, by no means, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances （决不）, not until等放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。
例如：1)Not a single word have his parents heard from him since he left home.2)Seldom does she quarrel with her parents.3)Not until she took off her dark glasses did I recognize her.（注意：not until放在句首时，后面的从句不使用倒装语序，只有主句倒装。
）4）Hardly had he got into the room when the phone rang.（注意：以hardly / scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…，意思是“一……就……”，引出的句子中，hardly, scarcely或no sooner置于句首时，主句倒装，即hardly, scarcely或no sooner后面的句子使用倒装语序，并且用过去完成时；而when或than从句则用陈述语序，并且用一般过去时。
）⑵以not only… but also…开头的句子使用倒装语序。
例如上文中的第②句：Not only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war.注意：只有not only后面的句子使用倒装语序，but also后面的句子使用陈述语序。
但是，当not only… but also…连接并列主语时，句子不使用倒装语序。
例如：Not only he bust also you are wrong.另外，当not only… but also…置于句中时，句子不使用倒装语序。
例如：She can speak not only English but also French.⑶以副词so开头的句子置于句首，表示前面一句的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用倒装语序。