Translation Course1 brief self-introduction2 about this course3 requirements for this course4 about the examChapter One Translation theoriesSection One Definition(s) and Classification of Translation 1 definition(s)2 functions3 classifications4 two most influential trans theories:(1)Nida: functional\dynamic equivalence1)expressive; 2)informative; 3)cognitive; 4)interpersonal;5)imperative; 6)emotive; 7)performative; 8)aesthetic;9)metalingual(2)Newmark: semantic trans(author-centered) & communicative trans(reader-centered)Section Two Trans Standards & PrinciplesIn the West:1 three principles proposed by Tytler:a) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;b) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;c) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.2 equivalent value\effectIn China:1 道安：严格的直译；(literal translation)2 玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗；(free translation)3 严复：信、达、雅；(faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance)4 鲁迅：忠实、通顺；5 傅雷：神似；(spiritual conformity)6 钱钟书：化境。

(sublimation)Section Three Translation Methods(1) literal translation1. crocod ile’s tears2. chain reaction3. to kill two birds with one stone4. to turn a deaf ear to5. to fish in troubled waters6. to talk black into white7. Look before you leap.8. Example is better than precept.9. Ill news travels fast.10. Easier said than done.(2) free translation1.Adam’s apple2. raining cats and dogs3. the apple of one’s eye4. castles in the air5. to laugh off one’s head6. to look a needle in a bundle of hay7. to hold a wolf by the ears8. to have one’s nose in the air9. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.10.Now it’s the time to put our cards on the table.(3) transliteration1. modern _____________2. carnation ____________3. radar _____________4.Dove ____________5. sofa _____________6. aspirin ____________7. Botily Co. _____________8. Benz ____________9. mango _____________ 10. hormone ____________11. nylon _____________ 12. tango ____________(4) formal translation(5) annotation1. clone ______________2. hacker _______________3. AIDS ______________4. EL Nino _______________5. sauna ______________6. Oval Office _______________7. rock’n’roll ______________ 8. the Water-gate Event _________9. His dream is to be a second Jordan.(6) paraphrase1. to put all one’s eggs in one basket2. neither fish nor flesh3. to return good for evil4. a Trojan Horse5. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.6. In the end things will mend.7. Man proposes, God disposes.8. All for one, one for all.9. He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.10. Can the leopard change his spots?11. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, she felt like a fish out of water.12. He acts a lot older than his years.13. The more you try to hide, the more you are exposed.14. The onlooker sees most of the game.15. Do not cast pearls before swine.Section Four Translation Procedure(1)Understanding1)semantic analysis1. Can can can a can.2. It’s difficult for him to take the heavy plane to Chicago.3. A dark horse candidate gets elected president.4. As a president candidate, you must be ready for some Water-gate events.2) grammatical analysis1. Such observations are frequently made of Canada and Canadians.2. It was in this way that she cast in a bone between the husband and the wife.3. Immediately away fly these timid birds when anyone approaches.4. Your bicycle did not move because I pushed on it.3) discourse analysis1. Frank hit the man with a hammer.2. Our conference did in the end make the detailed plans for the invasion.3. Wife: Are you sick？Husband: Yes, I’m sick. I’m sick of you.4. It is good for him to do so.5. The old man recalled that he was full of energy when he was a young fellow in the seventies.4) stylistic analysis1. My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.2. My dear father has passed away.3. My dad has died.4. My old man has kicked the bucket.(2) expression1. The pilot was ordered to land his plane at once.2. Get a livelihood, and then practice virtue.3. Men are good in one way, but bad in many.4. Two is company, three is misery.5. I’m up to my neck in your bullshit.6. She denied it, denied everything, bone and stone.7. Daniel said, “I’ll teach you how to kiss a girl.”“No,” said Sute, “I’ve graduated.”8. He sold consumer goods in great demand but short supply.9. At that time, he was as poor as a church mouse.10. It’s therefore necessary to see the feasibility and effectiveness of this kind of management.(3) checkingSection Five Requirements for a Translator(1) solid bilingual knowledge1. Don’t be inflexibly devoted to a system just because it worked everywhere.2. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.3. Everybody says she is an angel of a woman.4. He has an acute intelligence.5. To make him less nervous, I talked of small things.(2) rich in sentence structures1. No matter what text the translator is facing with, if the ideas of the original are successfully transferred to the readers without being distorted, the translated version should be at least regarded as a half-success, because for any translated ones, faithfulness is always the first to be taken into consideration.2. What must be pointed out here is, that we are seeking for the smoothness and naturalness of the translated versions does not mean that our translation should be quite colloquial or informal so that all the readers, no matter whether they are experts, the educated laymen or the uninformed, could understand, because, just as Peter Newmark once said, “You should try to assess the level of education, the class, age and sex of your readership if these are important.”(3) flexible use of context1. A man is a man, a woman is a woman.2. I would rather be a has-been than a never-was because a has-been has been while a never-was never was.3. My boyfriend will come in a minute.4. You are an attractive young woman, (but)……(4) rich in cultural background knowledge1. She is a cat.2. John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.3. Traditionally, rural highway location practice has been field oriented, but the modern method is “office” oriented.4. Items in this shop are discounted by 20-30 percent.5. When the cat’s away, the mice will play.(5) with some knowledge of trans theories and methods(6) familiar with different tool books(7) strong responsibilitySome arguments about translation:1 literal trans vs. free trans2 elegance of the translated version3 translatabilityA. figures of speechB. humorsC. expressions with rich typical cultural meanings。