Nothing has happened since we parted. 自我们别后没发生什么事情。 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚饭后我出去散步。 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。 He cannot be operated upon as he is very weak. 他身体很弱不能动手术。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life. 生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
3树状与竹状 tree-structure vs. bamboo-structure
学者范仲英说过：“一般来说，英语长句较多，而 且结构比较复杂，往往从句里含有从句，短语中 又有短语。宛如一棵大树，有树干，有树杈，有 树枝。”这就是我们说的英语的树式结构。
“汉语句子一般简洁明快，很少长句。恰似一根春 竹，一节之后又生一节，中间掐断无伤大雅。” 这是我们说的汉语的竹式结构。
意合—句中各成分的相互结合多运用语义手
段（semantic connection）,语境的映衬，少 用连接词语。
英译汉
Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。 Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 When a thing reaches its extreme, it will reverse its course. 物极必反。
6.
唱歌，他最棒的。
7. I know Mr. Wang.
8.
王先生我认识。
Tips: 英译汉时，找到主题或话题，然后对其进行补充说明。
2形合与意合
hypotaxis vs. parataxis
形合—句中各成分的相互结合运用句法手段
(syntactic devices）和词汇手段（lexical equivalence ）即各种有形的联结手段达到语 法形式和逻辑形式两方面的完整。
1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他的生前遗愿，在他的墓地的石碑上刻着： 《独立宣言》和《弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令》的作者，弗吉尼亚大学 创建人之墓。 Tips：英语中长而复杂的结构转化为汉语中独特的符合汉语习惯的短 句形式。
语序方面 word order
在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句首， 即重心在前。 汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾， 形成后中心。
Tips：汉译英，通过逻辑关系的理解，补出连接词
Exercises
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 天气好，我们决定去爬山。 My sister was expecting me , so I had to go now. 我妹妹在等我，我得走了。 We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin（知更鸟）. 我们看见一只知更鸟，知道春天快到了。 A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。 When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. 说到个性，就是指那些人与人之间不同的行为方式，言谈举止和思想感情。 话不投机半句多。 When the conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of time.
英汉句式对比 Comparison between English and Chinese
我国著名语言学家 王力曾经说过: “就 句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的， 中国语言是人治的。” 所谓“法治”，即句子的形式严格受语 法的制约，如句子必须有主语和谓语动 词等。 所谓“人治”，即句子比较不受形式的 约束，可以因表意的需要加以变通，词 语的分合伸缩比较灵活。
所有的基本句型都有SV机制，这也是英语中最基本的原则。既然英 语句子是主谓机制突出的句式结构,主语和谓语严格保持一致，并且提 纲挈领,主导和协调句中其它各种关系。
汉语句子并不存在着主干结构,也没有可以驾御全句的主谓关系,因此汉 语句子更是显得灵活多变、自由松散,句式呈“流散型”。 汉语主要可以分为六种语类:NP, S(分句), S’(主题性分句),VP, Pre P(前置词短语), Post P(后置词短语)。上述语类均可出现在汉语主题 结构句中的主题位置上。 例如: Ⅰ.这些话我不相信。(NP) Ⅱ.他会说这些话我不相信。(S) Ⅲ.这些话他会说我不相信。(S’) Ⅳ.在桌子上他放了几本书。(Prep P) Ⅴ· 桌子上有书,床上不会有书。(Post P) Ⅵ.说这些话我不赞成。(VP)
Exercises
The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着树，有大象在跑来跑去，我 们用 已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
1. 主语与主题
2. 形合与意合 3. 树状与竹状
4. 客体与主体
5. ……
1主语与主题
subject vs. theme
1、A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 2、简家菜在亲友中相当出名。但众人上桌后目光如炬、齐 齐落定的，是一盘凉拌菜。举筷下去，如触一团缠绵心 事，夹起来春雨连绵，丝丝透明。送入口中，顿时跺足： 天下美味百味，只有四川人最知味!(小茶《家常饭》)
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 参考译文：男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两 天没吃了。 Tom is a nice boy who is tall, handsome, and agreeable. 汤姆是个好孩子。他身材高大，英俊潇洒，为人随和。 It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded buy others who join in by clapping, singing,, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. 在非洲，我们经常会见到这样的场景:音乐家进行表演，身边聚集好多 观众。他们或击掌打着拍子，或是加入演唱，融入整个音乐表演之中。
Tips： 英译汉时，有必要把英语句子的语序颠倒过来
如何处理语序？
His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him. 他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡 献。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 译文：小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命 运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。 It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January. 译文：我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常 失望。
Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the declaration on independence and the Virginia statute for religious freedom and the father of the university of Virginia.