非线性动力学中分叉图的特性
第一章 有限差分方程
一、线性有限差分方程: N t +1 = RN t 几个概念: •方程(线性) •系统参数:R 系统参数: 系统参数 •初始条件:N0 初始条件: 初始条件
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N1 = RN 0 N 2 = RN1 = R N 0
2
M Nt = Rt N0
1
N0=100 , R>0 衰减(decay) R=0.9 递增(growth) R=1.08 稳态(steady-state) R=1
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四、周期的稳定性
xt +n = xt
以逻辑方程,R=3.3为例
x t +1 = 3.3( 1 − x t ) x t
2个固定点: 0, 0.697
xt + 2 = 3.3(1 − xt +1 ) xt +1 = f ( f ( xt ))
4个固定点: 0, 0.479, 0.697, 0.823
The period-doubling route to chaos
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混沌状况: 在周期2、在周期3 、在周期4的图中, 固定点斜率的绝对值均大于1 考虑一个极端的例子:
x t +1 = 4 ( 1 − x t ) x t
因此,进入混沌状态 混沌状态。 混沌状态
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五、混沌(chaos) • 混沌的定义: Be aperiodic bounded dynamics in a deterministic system with sensitive dependence on initial conditions. • 混沌系统的性质 Aperiodic Bounded Deterministic Sensitive dependence on initial condition
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• • • • •
For 3.0000<R<3.4495, there is stable cycle of period 2 For 3.4495<R<3.5441, there is stable cycle of period 4 For 3.5441<R<3.5644, there is stable cycle of period 8 For 3.5644<R<3.5688, there is stable cycle of period 16 As R is increased closer to 3.570, there are stable cycles of period 2n, where the period of the cycles increases as 3.570 is approached • For values of R> 3.570, there are narrow ranges of periodic solutions as well as aperiodic behavior
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• 3<R<3.449 周期2 (period-2)
xt+2 = xt
R=3.3
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• 3.449 <R<3.5699 周期4 周期8 周期16……
R=3.52
周期倍增(period-doubling) 周期倍增
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•
3.5699 < R ≤ 4
小结: 小结: • 系统表现出的不同行为 稳定状态、周期、 稳定状态、周期、混沌 • 系统参数(R)的不同给系统带来的影响 • 初始状态( x0)的不同对系统的影响
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• 分叉图 ( bifurcation diagram )
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三、稳定状态(steady state)和稳定性(stability) 研究三个问题: 1、系统是否存在固定点(fixed point)? 2、系统是否在固定点处存在局部稳定性? 局部稳定性(locally stable) 局部稳定性 3、系统是否在固定点处存在全局稳定性? 全局稳定性(globally stable) 全局稳定性
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3、固定点的全局稳定性 线性系统 A locally stable fixed point is also globally stable. 非线性系统 When multiple fixed point are present, none of the fixed points can be globally.
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Conclusion:(考虑周期n) If there is stable cycle of period n, there must be at least n fixed points associated with the stable cycle, where the slope at each of the fixed points is equal and the absolute value of the slope a each of the fixed points is less than 1.
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N0=100 , R<0 衰减(decay) R=-0.9 递增(growth) R=-1.08 稳态(steady-state) R=-1
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吸引子(attractor): 随着时间的演化,系统的一种状态趋势 0<R<1: Nt ⇒ 0 R>1: Nt ⇒ ∝
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固定点
周期2
x t +1 = 3 .52 x t (1 − x t ) 周期4
混沌
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两个概念 渐近(asymptotic dynamics ): The term asymptotic dynamics refers to the dynamics as time goes to infinity. 暂态(transient): Behavior before the asymptotic dynamics is called transient
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六、准周期性(Quasi-periodicity) x t+1=f ( xt )= xt +b (mod 1)
其中,b为无理数 • 非周期性:
x t+n≠ xt
• 有界:在 xt 周围的固定范围内
The route to chaos: Quasi-periodicity
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• 1<R<3
R=1.5
单调逼近固定点 x*=0.333 R=2.9 交替逼近固定点 x*=0.655 xt ⇒ 1 −1/R
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问题1: 1、 x0取不同值时,上述几种情况如何? 2、x0=0.5, R分别为1.25, 2, 2.75, 画出轨线 t- xt
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• Feigenhaum’s number: 4.6692 定义:∆n the range of R values that give a period-n cycle.
∆n lim = 4.6692 n→ ∞ ∆ 2n
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• 分叉图 ( bifurcation diagram )
0 < R < 1: 稳定 R=0: 稳定 R=1: 稳定
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-1 < R < 0
R < -1
R=-1 不稳定
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非线性系统:
固定点 x = f ( x )
∗ t ∗ t
df m= dx t x ∗
m < 1 : x t∗ 0 < m < 1: − 1 < m < 0: m > 1 : x t∗ m > 1:
R= 3.5699达到无穷周期 对大多数R产生混沌(chaos)
R=4
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对初始条件敏感
xt +1 = 4 xt (1 − xt )
dot: x0=0.523423, circle: x0= 0.523424
2011>4 轨线最终逃逸(escape)到无穷。
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吸引域(basin of attraction) The set of initial conditions that eventually leads to a fixed point is called basin of attraction 多稳定性(multi-stability) If multiple fixed points are locally stable we say there is multi-stability.
分叉点(bifurcation point): 分叉点 以某个参数值为分界,系统进入不同的状 态 R=1
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二、非线性的有限差分方程 1、Logistic Equation: x t + 1 = Rx t ( 1 − x t ) 系统参数:R 初始条件: x0 : 固 定 点: (fixed point)
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• 局部稳定性 locally stable: If the initial condition happens to be near a fixed point, sequent iterates approach the fixed point, we say the fixed point is locally stable. ( locally asymptotic stability) • 全局稳定性 globally stable: If the fixed point is approached by all initial conditions, we say the fixed point is globally stable.