学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้反 对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达 达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等 等。

After the Second World War， a variety of modernism， or post-modernism， like existentialist literature， theater of the absurd， new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd， and the human life was an agony." 二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即

He should appear as an omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness”.

The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.
Chapter 5
The Modern Period
I. Modern period

It is from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.
II. Background
1.The influences of the two World Wars on Britain
后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及 黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主 义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。
IV. Modernism
1. The definition

It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation,

j. After the First World War , all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness. 一战后，所有的现代主义文
叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教 精神，推崇强权与霸权。


g. Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness. 亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创 立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与 无意识。 h. Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. i. French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century.
伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。
Main works:
Cashel Byron's Profession 《卡歇尔。拜伦的职业》 Widowers' House 《鳏夫的房产》 Mrs. Warren's Profession 《沃伦夫人的职业》 Man and Superman《人与超人》 Too True to Be Good 《难以置信》
V. Stream of consciousness

In his opinion, the artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should rise to the position of a godlike objectivity; he should have the complete conscious control over the creative process and depersonalize(使失去个性） his own emotion in the artistic creation.
III. Culture background
All these radical changes gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe. In the mid-19th century, a. Karl Marx and Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism, which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people, but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation.
VI. Main writers:

A. George Bernard Shaw乔治.萧伯纳(1856-1950) a brilliant dramatist, Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧
The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism.
C: William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
威廉.巴特勒.叶芝

He was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin. He was awarded Nobel Prize for literature. Main works: The Lake Isle of Innisfree 《伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲》 The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland. 《梦见仙境的人》 No Second Troy 《没有第二个特洛伊》 September 1913 Sailing to Byzantium 《驶向拜占庭》 Once out of nature 《一旦脱离凡尘》 Monuments of unaging intellect 《长青知识的纪念碑》
主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

f. Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality. 尼采继承了

e. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition. 德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观
2. The basic philosophy or characteristics of Modernism