4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
5） Cultural Transmission（文化传 递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
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1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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1）Arbitrariness(任意 性):
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure （索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics
langue: abstract linguistic system
语言学知识点
Mr.Potato
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I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
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1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性) 如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
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4）Displacement（替代性）: 定义：Human languages enable their
users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive
statement.
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2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
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举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
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Important Distinctions in
Linguistics
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1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
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2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the
primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences>
texts/discourses
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