• Expectation of the girls：清楚明白地让她们知道北欧中心的位置 • My evil intension: speak as long as possible with the girls in order
to impress them with the gentility of students of our university.
翻译会遇到的三大类purpose
• The general purpose aimed at by the translator in the translation process(perhaps ‘to earn a living’)
• The communicative purpose aimed at by the target text in the target situation (perhaps ‘to instruct the reader’)
均从属于SkopБайду номын сангаасs Rule！
• 总的来说 The nature of the TT ‘is primarily determined by its skopos and
adequacy ( Adäquatheit ), comes to override equivalence as the
measure of the translational action. Equivalence is reduced to functional constancy between ST and TT.
• 译文: 谢尔顿：你们在搞什么阴谋? 我绝不参与任何阴谋。 佩妮：不是，这儿什么都没有…没有阴谋，没有诡计，没有密谋。
• Penny: Look, do you have a second? Sheldon: A second what, a pair of underwear?
• 译文: 佩妮：你有时间嘛？ 谢尔顿：十件什么？内衣吗？
• [Rajesh walked into the apartment, where his friends are waiting for him.] Rajesh：Hello, sorry I’m late, but I was in the hallway, chatting up Penny. Howard: Really, you, Rajesh Koothrappali, spoke to Penny? Rajesh: Actually I was less the chatter than the chat-ee.
Functionalist approaches to translation 德国功能派翻译理论简介
由来
• “The theorists of equivalence tend to accept non-literal translation procedures more readily in the translation of pragmatic texts (instructions for use, advertisements) than in literary translation. Different or even contradictory standards for the selection of transfer procedures are thus set up for different genres or texttypes. This makes the equivalence approach rather confusing.”
• Version1: 拉吉：抱歉我现在才来，刚刚我在走廊里和佩妮聊天来着。 霍华德：真的假的，你拉吉·库萨帕里和佩妮说话了？ 拉吉：实际上我说得比哑巴还少。
• Version2: 拉吉：抱歉我来晚了，我刚在走廊里和佩妮聊天。 霍华德：真的假的，你拉吉·库萨帕里和佩妮说话了？ 拉吉：实际上我是被聊天。
2. The Big Bang Theory
《生活大爆炸》中
• Sheldon: Is there a plot a foot? I’ll have no truck with plots. Penny: No, there’s… There’s no plot, no trucks, no feet.
(theory of translation action)
功能加忠诚理论 (function plus loyalty)
Basic Aspects of Skopostheorie
Skopos Rule
“The translation purpose justifies the translation procedures.”
and the source-text author
• The translator, who is always acting within the boundaries of a particular culture community, cannot, in fact, take the liberty of choosing any translation scope for a particular text even if that is what the customer asks him to do.
Examples given by Nord
一个Nord反对的例子
一个Nord认可的例子
Other Examples
• 基于译语读者文化背景的目的论出于为了让读者更好地理解原文 的目的,译者遵循道德责任、文化责任的原则进行比起对等翻译更 好的翻译方式。
1.几个名词的翻译
• Facebook 校内网（现在再翻译可能就是朋友圈了） • Yelp 大众点评网 • Uber 滴滴打车
Intratextual Coherence
A translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receiver’s situation, being part of the receiver’s situation.
Real Life Example
• Initiator：my fellow friends • Translator: me • Target Text receiver: Nordic girls • Source Text: 北欧中心就在校史馆边上，相辉堂那里
• Purpose of my friends：越简单越好，等着我一起去上课（已经迟 到了）
沿革
• 凯瑟琳娜•莱斯 (Katharina Reiss)
• 汉斯•费米尔 (Hans Vermeer)
• 贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利 (Justa Holz Mantari)
• 克里丝汀•诺德 (Christiane Nord)
文本类型理论 (Text typology） 翻译目的论 (Skopostheorie) 翻译行为理论
• “This may be the reason why some translation scholars working in training institutions started to gibe functionalist approaches priority over equivalence-based approaches.”
Q&A
• Skopos • Aim • Purpose • Intention • Function and Translation Brief
• An important advantage of Skopos theory is that it allows the possibility that the same text may be translated in different ways depending on the purpose of the TT and on the commission which is given to the translator.
Fidelity (Intertextual Coherence)
A translation should be as faithful as possible to the original.
Intratextual Coherence和Fidelity (Intertextual Coherence)
• Initiator: It’s near the school history museum and Xiang! Hui! Tang!
• TT receiver: The Nordic center is just next to our school history museum and that part of campus is always called ‘Xiang Hui Tang’ by students.
Two interdependent limitations to the Skopos model
• One concerns the culture-specificity of translation models • The other has to do with the relationship between the translator
• The purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (for example, ‘to translate literally in order to show the structural particularities of the source language’)