期末考试题型：1.Re-organizing sentences for a news report (10%)2.Matching headlines to lead paragraphs (10%)3.True or False questions about English journalism (cf. Appendix I below) (10%)4.Reading Comprehension (3 passages with 15 multiple-choice questions) (30%)5.Abbreviations in News reports (complete forms +Chinese translation) (10%)6.News Headline Analysis (10%) （Analyzing the stylistic features of 3 news headlines）7.News comment writing (20%) (about 200 words)1.Definition of journalism, medium, news报刊（p1）、媒介（p2）、新闻（p4）的定义2.Functions of mass communication vs functions of newspaper大众传播工具（p2）与报纸（p1）的功能3.News value; public interest; principles of newsworthiness新闻价值；公众兴趣；衡量新闻价值的原则（p4）4.Classification of news新闻的分类（p6）5.Five basic elements of news新闻的五个基本要素（p6）6.Legal concerns; codes of ethics法律关系；道德规范（p7）(General knowledge is enough. No need for word by word memorization.)（一般知识就够了。
不需要的逐词记忆。
）7.Tabloid and broadsheet小报和报纸（p21）(the distinctions between tabloid and broadsheet)（区分小报和大报）8.Major newspapers in the UK and US英国和美国的主流报纸（p13-34）9.Major magazines in the UK and US英国和美国的主流杂志（p13-34）同上10.Lexical features in headlines:small words; abbreviations; etc.在标题的词汇特点：小词；缩略语；等。
（p37）11.Grammatical features in headlines: omission of articles, personal pronouns, etc.; present tense for past events, infinitive for future events, etc在标题的语法特点：省略的文章，人称代词等；现在时表示过去的时间，不定式表示未来事件等（p42）12.Rhetorical features used in headlines :alliteration; parody; metaphor; pun; euphemism用于标题的修辞特点：头韵；戏仿；隐喻；双关语；委婉语（p44）13.News leads , direct vs. delayed lead新闻导语，直接与延迟导语（p48）14.News agenciesOrganizations that collect, transmit, and distribute news to newspapers, periodicals, television, radio, and other journalistic and mass communications media are called news agencies.15.Major news agencies in the world在世界各大通讯社Major news agencies in the UK and USUKReuters(路透社)—one of the largest European press agenciesPA—Press AssociatedUSAP(美联社)—the Associated Press—The oldest press association in the United StatesUPI(合众国际社)—United Press International16.General understanding of the inverted pyramid structure of journalistic writing新闻写作的倒金字塔结构的一般认识（p63）17.Types of news features新闻特写的类型（p75）18.Differences between feature and news report特写和新闻报道之间的差异（p76）19.Basic structure of news comment新闻评论的基本结构（p83）Common abbreviations1. ABC：American Broadcasting Company美国广播公司2. BBC：British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司3. NBC：National Broadcasting Company （美国）全国广播公司4. CNN：Cable News Network（美国）有线新闻电视网5. CBS：Columbia Broadcasting System 美国哥伦比亚广播公司6. MPAA：Motion Picture Association of America 美国电影协会7. ITN：Independent Television News（英国）独立电视新闻公司8. APEC：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚洲和太平洋经济合作组织9. ASEAN：Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟10. NATO：North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织11. OPEC：Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织12. UNSC：= United Nations Security Council 联合国安全理事会13. WHO：World Health Organization世界卫生组织14. FAO：Food and Agriculture Organization世界粮农组织15. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization联合国教科文组织16. WIPO：World Intellectual Property Organization（联合国）世界知识产权组织17. IMO：International Maritime Organization国际海事组织18．Interpol/TERPOL: International Criminal Police Organization国际刑警组织19．FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调查局20. USDHS: United States Department of Homeland Security美国国土安全部21. CIA：Central Intelligence Agency （美国）中央情报局22. NYSE：New York Stock Exchange（美国）纽约证券交易所23. NASDAQ：National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations （美国）全国证券交易商协会自动报价表；纳斯达克24．IMF：International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织25．NDRC National Development and Reform Commission 国家发改委26. CPC：Communist Party of China27. CPPCC：Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议28. HKSAR：Hong Kong Special Administrative Region香港特别行政区29. NPC：National People's Congress（中国）全国人民代表大会30. GNP：gross National Product国民生产总值31. GDP：Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值32. EEC：European Economic Community欧（洲经济）共（同）体33. ASPAC---Asian and Pacific Council 亚（洲）太（平洋）理事会34. EU：European Union 欧洲联盟35. NASA= National Aeronautics and Space Administration（美）国家航空和航天局36.WWF：World Wildlife Fund 世界野生动物基金会37.UNDP：United Nations Development Programme 联合国开发计划署38.UNGA：United Nations General Assembly 联（合国）大（会）#39.ICRC：International Committee of the Red Cross 红十字国际委员会40. UNPKF：United Nations Peace－keeping Force联合国维持和平部队41. ICJ：International Court of Justice 国际法院42.DJI：Dow Jones Index 道·琼斯（股票）平均指数43.FM：foreign minister 外交部长44. MP：Member of Parliament议员45. PM：Prime Minister 首相; 总理46. BBS：Bulletin Board System 电子公告板47. EMS：Emergency Medical Service急救医疗48. IOC：International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会49. WHC: World Heritage Committee世界遗产委员会50. CISAR：China international Search and Rescue Team中国国际救援队51. CPI：Consumer Price Index 居民消费价格指数52. NGO：Non-governmental Organization非政府组织53. WTO：World Trade Organization世界贸易组织网络版重点第一章英语新闻学的基本概念：一、今天的传播媒介（the mass media today）：1. Communication: the process of sharing ideas, information, and messages with others ina particular time and place.2. Communication includes writing and talking, as well as nonverbal communication, visual communication, and electronic communication.3. Communication is a vital part of personal life and is also important in business, education, and any other situation where people encounter each other.4. Mass communication media: the means of communication that can reach many people at a time either by printed materials or electronic waves are called mass media. These include newspaper, magazines, books, radio, television, public relation and advertising.5. TV and newspaper are the two major kinds of mass media in the present world.二、新闻学的定义（the definition of journalism）:1. Journalism is the collection and periodical publishing of news. It includes writing for, editing, and managing such media as the newspaper and the periodical. In other words, it means gathering, evaluating, and disseminating facts of current interest.三、新闻及新闻要素（news and elements of news）1. News is information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television about recent events in the country or world or in a particular area of activity.2. There are usually five basic elements in news: who, what, why, when, and where. An additional element may be “how”.四、新闻价值和公众兴趣（news value and public interest）1.软新闻soft news 硬新闻hard news①Hard news generally refers to up-to-the-minute news and events that are reported immediately.Soft news is background information or human-interest stories, which appeal to people`s curiosity, sympathy, skepticism, or amazement.②Subject matter:Politics, war, economics, and crime used to be considered hard news, which arts entertainment and lifestyles were considered soft news.The tone of presentation:A hard news story takes a factual approach: what happened? Who was involved? Where and when did it happen? Why?A soft news story tries instead to entertain or advise the reader2. News value refers to the importance of the facts and details in the news that can satisfy the public`s interest in news.3. Public interest means the degree of attention the readers pay to the news reports.4.News-worthiness of a report: timeliness, proximity, conflict, eminence or prominence, consequence or impact, human interest……五、新闻来源和新闻社（sources of news and news agencies）1. Organizations that collect, transmit, and distribute news to newspapers, periodicals, television, radio, and other journalistic and mass communications media are called news agencies.六、新闻的法律与道德问题（legal and ethical issues of journalism）1. Areas of particular concern to reporters are libel, newsroom searches, protection of sources, invasion of privacy suits and the free press controversy.2. The code of ethics: responsibility, freedom of the press, accuracy and objectivity.第二章报纸报纸的主要功能To inform , to influence, to entertain, to advertise.◇Newspapers are publications usually issued on a daily or weekly basis, the main function of which is to report the news. Newspapers also provide commentary on the news, advocate various public policies, furnish special information and advice to readers, and sometimes include features such as comic strips(连环漫画), cartoons, and serialized(连载) books.小报(tabloid)，大报(broadsheet)第三章新闻杂志Publications released at regular intervals are often called journals, or periodicals.第四章新闻结构1.Grammatical Features of News Headlines：1. Omission of link verbs such as BE and determiners such as articles and pronouns2. Infinitives for future events3. Present tense for past events4. Phrases as headlines5. Pre-modificationExample 1. U.S. plans more Taiwan sales2. The lexical features of headlines：Small words and abbreviations instead of big, complete ones (Why?)aid→assistbid→attemptopt→choosevie→competeraid→attackcurb→controllaud→praiseslam→criticizeback→support,approveofblast→explode,explosionquiz→question,interrogateprobe→enquire,investigateban,bar→prohibit(ion),prevent(ion)nuke→nuclearGov’t→GovernmentPM→Prime Minister3.Basic sentence types of news headlines1. Narrative headline2.Quotation headline3.Interrogative headline4.story headline4. Rhetorical devices used in headlines for tabloidsAlliteration, Parody, Metaphor, Pre-modifier, Inventive lexis, etc.5.leadA direct lead tells readers the most important aspect of the story in a direct and straightforward way, and is often used in hard news.A delayed lead interests readers by hinting the content of the story. It is usually found in features and other soft stories that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event.附表一Major news agencies in the UK and USUKReuters(路透社)—one of the largest European press agenciesPA—Press AssociatedUSAP(美联社)—the Associated Press—The oldest press association in the United StatesUPI(合众国际社)—United Press International。