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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
语言学知识点
Mr.Potato
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I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
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1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
1）Arbitrariness(任意 性):
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
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2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the
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举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
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Important Distinctions in
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举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive
statement.
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பைடு நூலகம்
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
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4）Displacement（替代性）:
定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
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1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
5） Cultural Transmission（文化传 递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
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Linguistics
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure （索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics
primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences>
texts/discourses
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR