骨肿瘤分期
CT in evaluating the lungs for metastases
• More accurate than chest radiographs • May produce false-positive results
when small lung nodules are detected. • Follow-up CT scans are useful in monitoring the nodules.
室内
间室内── T1
• 皮质骨内,未穿破骨膜和骨髓腔 • 关节内,未穿破关节囊
• 骨旁间隙内,未进入骨皮质,未穿破骨膜
侵犯肌、筋膜
间室外── T2
• 间室内病变穿破解剖学间室:
肿块本身穿出 反应带超出原发间室 意外创伤和不恰当的手术切除污染多个间室 病变或其反应带临近或侵犯主要血管、神经束者 一些缺乏阻止肿瘤扩散的内在屏障的解剖学部位, 如腹股沟等
sharply demarcated from the surrounding healthy tissue. Malignant lesions are typically more extensive and involve surrounding tissue to a greater extent than do benign lesions. MRI signal intensity alone is not reliable in distinguishing benign tumors and malignant tumors.
骨肿瘤的外科分期 Surgical Staging of Bone Tumors
中山医院骨科 姜南春
Enneking-Musculoskeletal Tumor Staging System
骨与软组织肿瘤TNMG分期系统
• AJCC(American Joint Committee on
Cancer) 提出
影像学:X-ray Lodwick 放射学分 级
• Grade 1A, 1B, and 1C lesions represent •
•
benign lesions with edge characteristics ranging from well defined to poorly defined. Grade 2 lesions are low-grade malignant lesions with invasive features, particularly those with total penetration of the cortex. Grade 3 lesions are high-grade malignant lesions with invasive, permeative, and destructive features
1期(G0T0M0)
1期(G0T0M0)
• 复杂,对手术治疗无指导价值 • 很少使用
肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤的外科分期 (MTS分期系统)
• 佛罗里达大学,Enneking,1977 • MTS(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society)试
用 • Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research,1980 • AJC(American Joint Committee)修订 • IUCC(International Union Against Cancer) 国际推广
• Radionuclide bone scans • Ultrasonography • Angiography • Positron Emission Tomography
外科分级──G
• G0 ──良性病变
临床:肿瘤边界清,有完整包膜,极少远处转移 X线表现:肿瘤界清,囊内生长呈膨胀性,罕见穿破 囊壁者 组织学表现:细胞分化良好,基质细胞比例正常, 核分裂相极少见
外科分级──G
• G1 ──低度恶性病变
临床:肿瘤可向囊外生长,但生长速度较慢,可有 软组织肿块,偶有远处转移 X线表现:肿瘤界欠清,呈侵袭性生长 组织学表现:细胞分化中等,基质细胞较多,可见 核分裂相但较少
外科分级──G
G2 ──高度恶性病变
临床:症状明显,肿瘤生长快,有跳跃性生长和软组织 肿块,常早期就发生局部和远处转移
排除范围
• 来源于骨髓、网状内皮组织的肿瘤
白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤、尤文肉瘤、未分化小圆细胞 肉瘤
• 转移性肿瘤
Enneking──G-T-M外科分期系统
• G(Histologic Grade):分级──肿瘤的外科分级 • T(Anatomic Site):肿瘤与解剖学间室的关系
• M(Metastasis):肿瘤有无转移,包括区域和远处
• •
≠组织学分级──Broder’s分级 ≠放射学分级──Lodwick’s分级 G0:良性病变;G1:低度恶性;G2:高度恶性 恶性肿瘤外科分级通常依从于组织学分级。但是, 如组织学表现偏良性而放射和临床表现为高度侵 袭性者应定为高度恶性
组织学
• 细针穿刺活检
影像引导下穿刺活检如Fluoroscopy with C-arm guidance ,CT-guided biopsy • 切取活检 • 切除活检
影像学:MRI
accurate depiction of the soft tissues allows sensitive detection of soft tissue extension and medullary involvement by tumor
MRI良恶性影像学特征
• Benign lesions are well defined and • •
MRA
• Provide additional information
regarding neurovascular bundle involvement. • Assessing peripheral vascular branches and tumor neovascularity.
其他影像学检查
影像学:CT
• Evaluation of local disease in detail • Assessing the lungs for pulmonary
metastases
CT in evaluation of local disease
Complements radiography • Assess disease in areas not easily visualized with radiography, eg, the spine and pelvis • CT is better in assessing the type of cortical destruction and the presence of matrix mineralization. • CT is also helpful in determining the internal contents of some lesions.
转移
Enneking分期
• 良性骨肿瘤
1期:潜隐性 2期:活动性 3期:侵袭性
• 恶性骨肿瘤
Ⅰ期( ⅠA ⅠB ):低度恶性 Ⅱ期( Ⅱ A ⅡB ):高度恶性 Ⅲ期( Ⅲ A ⅢB ):有局部和远处转移 A:间室内; B:间室外
外科分级──G
• 临床或外科分级 • 在恶性肿瘤反映生物学侵袭程度 • 组织学、放射和临床三结合
MRI对分期的价值
• Assessing local spread of tumor (Enneking
• •
sites T1 and T2). Accurately detecting tumor involvement of neurovascular structures, muscle compartments, growth plates, and joints. Usually accurately depicts intramedullary spread and soft tissue extension of tumor
重要的放射学征象
• Pattern of destruction (geographic or not • • •
geographic, appearance of marginal interface zone) Penetration of cortex by lesion Absence or presence of a sclerotic rim Absence or presence and extent (if present) of the expanded cortical shell
X线表现:病变侵袭破坏明显,骨膜反应,软组织肿块 组织学表现:细胞分化极差,基质细胞多,核分裂相多 见
肿瘤与解剖学间隙的关系──T
• T0:良性囊内和间室内病变 • T1:间室内病变 • T2:间室外病变
间室内── T1
• 无真性包膜,但有假包膜 • 反应带内有指状突起或卫星灶
• 原发病灶和反应带均局限在病灶的原发间
良性骨肿瘤
1期:潜隐性(latent)---G0 T0 M0
2期:活动性(active)--- G0 T0 M0 3期:侵袭性(aggressive)--- G0 T1 或T2 M0 或 M1
1期── G0T0M0 ,良性潜隐性
• 临床:无症状,无功能障碍,无意中发现,缓
• •
慢增大,有接触抑制,无骨皮质变形 放射学:平片示病灶界限清楚、形状和边界规 则,有皮质骨样反应骨包围(LodwickⅠA); CT示病灶呈均质性,无骨皮质穿破 组织学:基质成熟,分化好,细胞-基质比例 低,无恶性细胞学表现,如:细胞核深染、核 分裂相、间变、多行性;病灶被成熟的纤维组 织或皮质骨包围,极少反应性间质浸润、炎症 反应和新生血管形成