3.Features of Pragmatic Inference 4.The Dynamic Model of Pragmatic Inference
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3.Features of Pragmatic Inference
a
The process of inferential communication is non-demonstrative. The process of inferential communication is “global” as opposed to “local”. Inference is instantaneous and spontaneous.
b
c
d
Inference can be simulated.
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Jerry Fodor(1983)认知观
认知机制
↙
输入系统 input system
↘
中心系统 central system
处理视觉、听觉、 语言解码等感性信 息（perceptual information）
4.决定论，排除偶然性，游移性
5.求出客观性的知识
(徐盛桓，1991）
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4.The Dynamic Model of Pragmatic Inference
• 4.1 Cognition, Relevance and Abduction
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d. There will be many people at the cinema.
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4.1 Cognition, Relevance and Abduction
• Therefore, we can see from the above details that the kind of logical inference in Relevance Theory involves abductive reasoning as well as deductive reasoning, but Sperber＆Wilson do not clearly point out abduction.
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4.3 Confirmation of the Dynamic Model
• Let’s see another example in which the hearer must take more contextual factors into account. • A: Will you have some coffee? • B: Coffee would keep me awake.
↓
induction
A and B must finish doing their job that night.
↓
It is already late and they . must have a sleep.
↓
B wants to drink coffee.
B don’t want to drink coffee.
a. Going to the movie takes some time.
b. Preparing for an exam takes some time.
A
c. Generally speaking, one cannot both go to the movie and prepare for an exam at the same tome.
接受输入系统和 记忆中的信息， 并进行推理
语用推理属于中心系统
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逻辑推理与语用推理的区别
逻辑推理
1.纯理性的思维活动
语用推理
1.理性思维同非理性的思维相结合
2.静态推导 3.只考察大小前提中的客体，不与主体关联
2.同语境相结合的动态推导 3.主体对象化与客体，同时客体又同化与主 体 4.既考察必然性又考察偶然性，在两者的有 机结合中把握结论 5.不一定着眼于客观性知识，不排除主观经 验附会
According to Jiang Yan (2002), inferential mechanism of verbal communication can be decomposed as the following: the speaker can establish the relevance of an utterance by a. searching for maximal contextual effects b. minimizing processing efforts
b. New Zealand is a very beautiful and rich country. I’m a New Zealander. ( activates the background knowledge stored in A’s mind) c. New Zealand is famous for its Maori culture. d. Nearly all New Zealanders love rugby crazily.
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4.2 The Dynamic Model
A secretary might type. abduction Mary used to be a secretary.
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A secretary might type. Mary was a secretary.
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Major premise Minor premise
↓
Mary might type conclusion negative
↓
deduction
positive
／
﹨
﹉
premise
↓
induction
no objection
Mary can only take shorthand.
↓
Mary can type.
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A dynamic process to acquire knowledge
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning
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4.2 The Dynamic Model • Here is an example: A: Can Mary type? B: She used to be a secretary.
↓
Mary can’t type.
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4.3 Confirmation of the Dynamic Model
• In this part, we will further illustrate and testify this model with many more common found examples. A: Do you like Rugby? a. B was born in New Zealand. B: I’m a New Zealander.
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4.1 Cognition, Relevance and Abduction
Logic is regarded as the study of valid inference. Inference means forming a conclusion from premise. And the utterance interpretation is also to reach a conclusion from the speaker’s utterance, which is also through the heaLife Course Development
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4.3 Confirmation of the Dynamic Model
Coffee makes people . excited abduction Coffee would keep me awake.
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4.1 Cognition, Relevance and Abduction
• Sperber ＆ Wilson also repeatedly emphasize the importance of logical knowledge. • 语篇接受者从一个假设推导出另一个假设，直到 找到具有最佳关联性的结论。语用推理过程中运 用的推理规则是演绎规则。 （Sperber＆Wilson,2001) Although Sperber＆Wilson emphasize deductive reasoning in pragmatic inference, the process of inference also covers abductive reasoning.
﹉
Coffee makes people excited B wants to keep a wake.