（一）现在分词
(1).现在分词的形式
时态\语态 主动语态
一般式 doing
被动语态
being done
表达的意义
表示与谓语动词 同时发生的动作
完成式
having done
having been done
表示发生在谓语 动词之前的动作
其否定形式是在doing之前加not
(2)、现在分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征, 可充当成分:表语 定语,宾语 补足语, 状语
B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前, 分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night.
3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从 句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find …
• B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的 过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当 于由when/while 引导的时间状语从 句。 • Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. • = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. • = When/While walking in the street, I came across …
2．The manager, _______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语） A．who has made B．having made C．made D．making 3．The storm left , ______a lot of damage to this area . （结果状语） A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
①主语一致性
1.Hearing the news, his tears rolled down his 错 face.
When he heard the news, his tears rolled down his face.
2.Looking up the sky， a plane is flying . 错 Looking up the sky，I find a plane is flying .
• 1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概
念
• A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从 句 • Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. • = As soon as he heard the good news, he … • = On hearing the good news, he…
B. 作使役动词的宾补, have, get, keep , send, leave, catch… 表示”使…进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强 调动作或状态的持续性. Can you keep the clock going?
4. 现在分词作状语
现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、 条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等 状语。
generally speaking 一般说来 Judging from… 从……判断
Concerning…
Coming to…
关于……
谈到 ……
Proving(that)…假定 ……
supposing (that)… 如果……
frankly speaking 坦白说 talking of… allowing for... 说到…… 考虑到……
1. 现在分词作表语
• 现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主 语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常 译为”使(令) … 怎样。” 如: • The news is very disappointing. • His story is very moving. • (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….)
5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作 同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并 列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. • 注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状 语,且常放于主句后。
Having finished the work，
.
A. it was almost six o'clock B. it’ time to surf the Internet. C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper
2. 现在分词作定语
• 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前 • 分词短语作定语时放在后, 表示主动意义, 它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改 为定语从句。 • e.g. a running boy the girl standing there
并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时 的定语从句
e.g. a boy who is running a girl who is standing there
A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didn‟t go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didn‟t go … Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didn‟t know what to do next, he went to …
C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之 前,分词就要用完成时。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引 导的原因状语从句。
3.现在分词作宾语补足语
A.作感官动词的宾补 see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 表示正在进行的意义 We found them reading in the classroom.
Practice
高考点击
1. ______ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语）
5. “We can‟t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _____ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
6. Finding her car stolen, _____. • A. a policeman was asked to help • B. the area was searched thoroughly • C. It was looked for everywhere • D. she hurried to a policeman for help
4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.
• 注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 ①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如 发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 ②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关 系或动宾关系。 ③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。
④.避免重复连词 ⑤.否定词位置 ⑥.有些动词分词作为插入语 ⑦.Being done不做状语
6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语 动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.
现在分词作独立成分
Considering 及时间的先后
Not having been there, we couldn’t describe the scenery well.
高考点击
______________ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
4．______from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状 语） A．Being separated B．Having separated C．Having been separated D．To be separated