At the time of noting a protest the master should reserve the right to extend it at time and place convenient , because at the time protest is noted the full extent of the loss or damage may not be well ascertained .in foreign ports,protest should be noted before the port authority or a notary public ,or before the consular office representing the country in which the ship is registered.when such action is taken ,it is necessary to bring the log book and several crewmembers as witnesses. in many cases they are essential to the establishment of a claim in the future.在提出声明的时候船长应保留权利以使调查货物灭失和损失的时间和地点比较方便，因为当声明提出时，货物的灭失和损失是不确定的。
在外国港口，声明应该向港口当局或者公证人在或者船舶登记国的领事馆提出，当声明提出后需要带着船舶日志及几个船员作为目击证人。
在许多情况下，他们是在未来提出索赔的基础。
In shipping and marine insurance terminology ,"average"is a word meaning partial loss or damage sustained by a vessel and/or cargo during the couse of a voyage. the word"average"originated from the Italian word avaria ,meaning loss or damage . there are two kind of average and particular average.these terms indicate the character of the loss or damage ,and who bears that loss or damage .the YorkAntwerp Rules,1974 gives a clear and definite of a general average:在航运和海上保险术语中，“平均”一词的意义代表部分灭失或损害持续的时间是在船舶航行或货物的运输过程中。
“平均”源于意大利语avaria，代表损失或损害。
他们有两种，一种是共同海损一种是单独海损.这些术语是货损方表明货物的灭失或损失的性质。
在约克安特卫普规则，1974给出了一个清晰明确的共同海损规则："there is a general average act when,and only when ,any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure."当共同海损的情形出现时，只有卓有成效的努力和付出以确保共同的安全，做出任何特殊牺牲或费用，有意而合理地为了航程中的财产脱离危险做出的行为。
”although the idea of general average is simple in a real situation the practical application of it can be complicated.General average must be distinguished from particular average尽管共同海损的想法是简单的在一个真实的情况可以复杂的实际应用。
共同海损必须区别于单独海损the general average declaration is normally made by the shipowner and must be made before the delivery of the cargo. Shipowners usually will release the cargo when the other interested parties to the adventure provide suitablesecurity(General Average Deposit or Bond ),sufficient to cover their contributions. 共同海损声明必须由船东在货物交接之前做出，船东通常会处理货物,当其他感兴趣的各方愿意提供合适的安全保障(共同海损存款或债券),足以弥补他们的损失。
全能易得in shipping business the word "claim" denotes a means of cargo-owners who demand compensation from the carrer or shipowners for the loss of or damage to cargo incurred in transit .In accordance with international practices,if the goods on arrival at the port of destination are found short,damaged or lost,not in conformity with what is stated in the clean bill of lading,the consignee may give in writing a notice of loss or damage to the carrier or his agents there to indicate his intentionof making a claim.However, the notice need not be given if the state of goodshas ,at the time of their receipt ,been the subject of a joint survey or inspection by the carrier and the consignee.在航运业中“请求”表示货方向承运人和船舶所有人请求因为在船舶运输过程中货物丢失或破损的赔偿，按照国际惯例，如果在目的港的货物抵达时发现短缺，损坏或丢失与提单不符合，收货人可以向承运人或其代理人发出书面通知声明灭失或者损坏以表明他的索赔意图。
然而，给出的声明以货物状态不相符通，在收货时，需要由承运人和收货人一起调查或检查。
when making a claim ,the claimant(i.e. the holder of B/L or consignee entitled to lodge a claim for cargo damage or loss)must produce to the shipping company or the agents the following documents:做索赔时,申请人(即。
提单的持有人或收货人有权提出索赔货损或损失)必须向船公司或代理人提供以下列文件:Statement of Claim This is a formal document of claim,which should contain:date of claim,name and address of claimant;name of vessel,date of arrival,port of loading/discharge;unmber of B/L,description of cargo ;quantity of cargo damaged or shortlanded; amount of claim and reasons for claim,etc.索赔声明这是一个正式的索赔文件,应包含:索赔日期、申请人的姓名和地址;船名,日期到达装货港/放电;提单号码,货物描述,数量的货物损坏或短少的,索赔金额和索赔的理由等。
Boat Note or Outturn Report (Overlanded & Shortlanded Cargo List and Broken & Damaged cargo List are used in our country.)交货记录或卸货船报告（溢卸货物清单和与破碎与损坏的货物清单适用于我国。
）Certificate of Inspection on Cargo Damage This is a written report which is made out by the cargo surveyor at the consignee to specify the cause ,nature and extent of the cargo damaged.the certificate serves as accredited evidence in regard to cargo claim made by the consignee against the party liable.关于货损的检验证书，这是一个书面报告,由收货人指定的货物验船师,制作的列明原因、性质和货物损坏的程度。
这个证书是收货方所做的作为一个货物索赔的直接证据以对抗责任方。
Commercial Invoice This is an essential basis for calculating the amount of a claim 商业发票,这是一个必要计算索赔金额的票据。