四级阅读基础长难句篇一、英语语法概述二、标点符号的作用一、英语语法概述二、标点符号的作用语法知识运用阅读文章意思语法和词汇自己的意思作文词汇语法是语言的规律。

英语语法概述语法一、英语语法概述二、标点符号的作用（讲义P82）◆两逗号间成分为插入语◆例1: 2006-6，◆In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come work and live◆两逗号间成分为插入语◆例1: 2006-6，◆In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come work and live1.逗号◆例2：2006-12◆Arthur von Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water critics in North America.1.逗号◆例2：2006-12◆Arthur von Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water critics in North America.2.破折号◆（1）补充说明◆例1. 2006-6 text 2◆On Dec. 11, 2001, as part of the effort to increase homeland security, federal and local authorities in 14-raids on2.破折号◆（1）补充说明容易出考点，看懂A或B即可◆例2. 2006-12 text2As we have medical care infrom curingespecially inunhealthy◆62.T oday medical care is placing more stress on ______.◆A）keeping people in a healthy physical condition ◆◆◆◆62.T oday medical care is placing more stress on ______.◆A）keeping people in a healthy physical condition ◆◆C）removing people’s bad living habits◆2.破折号◆（2）两破折号中间为插入语插入语可跳原则◆例1. 2006-6，◆The fact that emails are automatically recorded—andappears to be2.破折号◆（2）两破折号中间为插入语插入语可跳原则◆例1. 2006-6，◆The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt （困扰）you appears to be3.冒号◆进一步解释说明前句中的事物或现象◆例1：2009-6◆This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buycotton at higher prices, thus3.冒号◆进一步解释说明前句中的事物或现象◆例2：2008-6◆But privacy does matter—at least sometimes. It’s like health: When you have it, you don’t notice it. Only when it’s gone do you wish you’d done more to protect it.3.冒号◆进一步解释说明前句中的事物或现象◆例2：2008-6◆66.According to the passage, privacy is like health in◆people will make every effort to keep it◆◆◆3.冒号◆进一步解释说明前句中的事物或现象◆例2：2008-6◆66.According to the passage, privacy is like health in◆people will make every effort to keep it◆◆◆D）people don’t cherish it until they lose it4.分号◆语义并列或结构并列◆例1. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved5. 引号◆（1）反讽◆例1. 2006-12 text 2◆The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguishednot ill”and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention5. 引号◆（2）引用---容易出考点，答案往往为引用内容的同义表述◆例1. 2009-6 text1◆sustainable clothes,shemost consumers,◆60.What is Natalieecofashion?◆A）She doesn’t seem to care about it.◆B）She doesn’t think it is sustainable.◆C）She is doubtful of its practical value.◆She is very much opposed to the idea.◆60.What is Natalieecofashion?◆A）She doesn’t seem to care about it.◆B）She doesn’t think it is sustainable.◆C）She is doubtful of its practical value.◆She is very much opposed to the idea.5. 引号◆（3）对表面意思的引申容易出词汇题，答案为前文内容的总结◆例1. The other great frustration is that it has noteliminated insecurity. People regard job stabilityas part of their standard of living. As corporatelayoffs increased, that part has eroded. Morethe disposable◆55. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American(Line 3, Para. 5)?◆A) Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.◆B) People full of utopian ideas resulting from ◆C) People who have little say in American◆◆55. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American(Line 3, Para. 5)?◆A) Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.◆B) People full of utopian ideas resulting from ◆C) People who have little say in American◆D) Workers who no longer have secure jobs.6.括号◆对前文内容的解释说明◆例1.◆In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting一、英语语法概述二、标点符号的作用三、词法对于关联词的理解◆常见的关联词◆表递进moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.◆however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the ◆like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the◆表示时间顺序的过渡词：before，after，afterwards，，soon，next，in a few days finally等。

◆:for example, namely, for instance, as an四级中易出考点的关联词◆转折处◆显性转折◆表转折however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the隐性转折◆There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.◆看不见的◆◆Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories.◆It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years —yet the BBC's future is now in doubt.Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.熟词僻义1. She almost cried when she saw the arms arms.arm n.2. John got fired for playing with fire.约翰因为玩火被解雇了fire3. He milked twenty gallons of milk from the dairy他从那家牛奶厂敲诈了加仑牛奶4. From the sound of your heart, you’re in sound从你心脏的声音判断，你是健康的sound◆1.划竖线初步断开句子结构◆拆出主干，分清修饰◆断句点：连词，引导词，介词，分词，◆2. 写汉字初步了解小句子结构的意思◆◆3. 连句子把每两个小节连接为通顺的句子，这时候需要把一些不通顺的词语替换掉，◆4. 读译文◆◆◆(2011年12月◆Boys'schools teach young men to express more likely to getdance and music,◆(2011年12月◆①Boys’schools//to teach young men③//to//and are moresuch as art,dancereleased today.◆(2011年12月◆①Boys’schools◆男生学校是个完美的地方◆(2011年12月◆②to teach young ◆来教会年轻男性◆◆◆(2011年12月◆③to express◆表达他们的感情◆◆◆(2011年12月◆④and are more ◆并且更有可能涉及◆◆。