4．主语＋及物动词＋双宾语（间接宾语指人，直接宾语指 物）（A gives B something.） My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology. 昨天，我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和 贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。 5．主语＋及物动词＋复合宾语（即宾语＋宾语补足语） （A tells B to do something） Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy. 今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放 作为一项基本国策。 6．There＋系动词＋主语（There is a man.） There are many types of businesses in a free-market economy. 在自由市场经济国家企业类型有多种多样。
状语： 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因 果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的 等。用作状语的通常是副词。 1）副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语） The boy , now , needs a pen.（时间状语） 2）介词短语作状语： In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.（地点状语） Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.(时 间状语) 3）不定式作状语： The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的状语） 4）名词作状语： Come this way! （方向状语）
四级阅读长难句分析
1、句子种类和类型
（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences/Statement）：说明一个事实或陈述一种 看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound. （说明事实） The film is rather boring. （说明看法） 2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences/Question）：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）： Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He doesn't know her, does he? 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences/Command）：提出请求，建议或发出命 令。例如： Don't be nervous! 别紧张！ 4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences/Exclamation）：表示说话人惊奇、喜 悦、愤怒等情绪。例如： What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类： 1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结 构句子叫简单句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两 个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用 并列连词或分号来连接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和 一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引 导。例如： The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
同位语 the Appositive
同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质 和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的
表现 monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词： I myself will do the experiment. (3) 数词： She is the oldest among them six. (4) 从句： He told me the news that the plane had exploded. (5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. (6) 由 of 引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. (7) 由 or 引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.
表语 1. 表语是表述主语的特征、状态或身份等。 2. 表语位于连系动词之后，二者构成系表结 构，即合成谓语 3. 表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容 词的词、短语或句子等充当。 • Her brother is a driver.(名词) • Are you ready?(形容词) • We were at home last night.(介词短语) • This book is mine, not yours.(代词) • The film is exciting.(现在分词)
句子成分
主语 1. 主语是一个句子的主题，也是句子的主 体，表示句子主要说明的人或事物。 2. 它的位置一般在句首。 3. 一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的 词、短语或句子等充当。 The meeting will begin at 9:00.(名词) We study in No. 1 Middle School.(代词) Smoking is bad for you.(动名词)
4、并列句
并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句 连接在一起的句子叫并列句. 常用的连接词如下: also, and, but, either ... or, however, not only...but also, or, or else(否则，要 不然), so, still（仍然；但是；尽管如此 ）, yet, neither...nor. 并列句的构成: 简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句。 1. He studied hard and he passed the examination. 2. Let„s hurry, or we‟ll be late. 3. I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.
3、简单句6种基本结构。
1．主语＋系动词＋表语（A is B.） Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. 哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。 2．主语＋及物动词＋宾语（A does B.） These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China‟s road of development today. 这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的 发展道路，具有深刻的影响。 3．主语＋不及物动词（A leaves.） In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here. 1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。
定语 1.定语是用来修饰名词;代词或句子的成分． 2. 定语有前置定语,后置定语． 3. 充当定语的词有：形容词;名词;代词;数词; 名词所有格......方位副词;不定式;动词的－ ing形式;过去分词;从句等．例如： Tom is a handsome boy. (形容词作定语 ) His name is Tom. (代词作定语) The boy in blue is Tom. (介词短语作定语) There is nothing to do today(不定式作定语 )
宾语 1.宾语表示动作、行为的对象。 2.只有及物动词可带宾语，有些不及物动词加上介 词或副词也可带宾语。 3.由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子担 当。 • He often helps me.(代词) • We study English at school.(名词) • If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(数词) • Remember to buy some stamps.(动词不定式) • He likes making you laugh.(动名词) • He said, "You are wrong."(句子) • Do you understand what I mean?(从句)