04-英汉语序比较
4. 起表语作用的形容词作定语,也需后置。
Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision. 出席大会的人都欢迎那个决议。
There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country. 那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。
Chapter ten page three the element known the parties concerned the victory won the mistake made a man good and true
6. 某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置,翻译时需灵活处理 e.g. large or small, rich or poor, old and new, pure and simple
The news briefing was held in Room 301 at about nine o’clock yesterday morning. 总统眺望着辽阔的景色,突然用很兴奋的语调说了我在前文 已经提到过的话。 Suddenly the President, looking out over the vast landscape, said, with an underlying excitement in his voice, the words I gave earlier.
Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Word order
Lecture 04
英汉语言语序比较
潘文国:
英语基本上是一种形态性的语言,汉语基本上 是一种语义性的语言。
主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。
I. 定语位置比较
定语后置
1. some-, any-, every-, no 等构成的复合代词 他告诉我了一件重要的事情。
繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国 a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country
Exercise
(1) 西方较弱的竞争对手 the weaker Western competitors (2) 政府的大力支持 strong government support (3) 中国最大的奶制品生产商 the largest Chinese dairy-product producer (4)中国最优秀的商业地产顾问公司 the best Chinese commercial-estate consulting company
两个或两个以上前置定语词序比较
英语的排列顺序是:由一般到专有、由范围小 的到范围大的、由次要的到重要的、由程度弱 的到程度强的。
汉语中这类前置定语的词序排列往往相反。
一张红木小圆桌 a small round red wooden table
一位中国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer
状语的顺序
英语的习惯: 方式,地点,时间 英语句子中假若同时出现两个(或更多的)时间状语或地
点状语,通常是代表较小单位的状语在前,代表较大单 位的状语在后。 汉语的习惯: 时间,地点,方式 (从大到小)
巴金1904年出生在中国四川省的一个封建大地主家庭。
Ba Jin was born in 1904 into a big landlord family in Sichuan Province in China. 新闻发布会是昨天上午大约九点在301会议室召开的。
mistakes. He has never been abroad.他从未出过国。 I will never agree to their demands. You seem never to think of yourself. Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense!
5. 某些外来语和固定词组中
总领事
consul general
(联合国)秘书长
secretary general (of the U.N.)
总干事
director-general
当选总统
president-elect
有确定继承权的人(推定继承人) heir apparent
假定继承人
(5)俄罗斯地方市场
the local Russian market
Exercise
(6) 瑞士著名的指挥家
a famous Swiss conductor
(7)new,effective and economical products and services
有效而经济的新产品和服务
(8)the little wrinkled face
Established in April 1961, the China Ocean Shipping
Corporation has, in the past 28 years through arduous
efforts, with the support from the state, expanded its
2. 强调从整体到局部,从大到小的空间关系: 大小,上下,高低,长短,明暗,远近
3. 强调心理上的轻重关系: 天地,男女,日月,帝王,父母,内外,左右,君臣,是非
,新旧,死伤,我你他 练习
III.并列修饰语的词序比较
英语中并列的词序一般按照逻辑上的轻重、前 后、因果或从部分到整体的顺序安排。
汉语通常则由大到小、由强及弱, 较突出或给 人印象较深的成分前置。
那张粉红色的小皱脸
(9)a bankrupt German manufacturer of TV sets
德国破产的电视机制造商
II. 状语位置比较
英语的状语位置不固定 汉语状语通常是放在主语之后,谓语之前。
Example: never
He was never late. He never got up late. He can never speak English without making serious
etc. Visitors, old and young, were delighted.
不管老少,所有的参观者都很高兴。 There was a huge cupboard, simple and beautiful.
有一个大食橱,简朴而美观。 国家不论大小贫富,都应一律平等。
All nations, large or small, rich or poor, should be equal. 新老教师都应互相尊重,互相学习。
a-形容词 aware, alike, astir, alone, ashamed, alight, aghast,
averse, alive, adrift, afire, asleep
the half-asleep children, the fully awake patient, a somewhat afraid soldier, a really alive student, a very ashamed girl
他们在北京东城区的和平里租了一套房子,住了下来。 They rented a flat at Hepingli, Dongcheng District, Beijing and settled down.
汉语的逻辑习惯
1. 强调时序上的先后顺序: 古今,先后,始终,父子,老少,开关,本末,推翻,缩小
and Plenipotentiary battle royal the nominative absolute the body politic things artistic the day following
第十章 第三页 已知的元素 有关各方面 所取得的成绩 所犯的错误 一个善良正直的人
汉语中的习惯是把最能说明事物本质的放在最前 面,而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后面。
英语则恰恰相反,越能说明事物本质的定语越要 靠近它所修饰的名词。同时,还可以根据定语和 其所修饰的名词之间的关系安排前后位置,定语 和中心词关系越密切,位置越接近。如关系难以 判断,则按词的长短排列,短的在前,长的在后 。
3. 定语从句和某些分词作定语时, 也需后置
这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。 Here are the New Year cards I’ve just received.
在这里学习的多数是中学老师。 Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers.
Teachers, old and new, must respect each other and learn from each other.
更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费。
The reason for the change is lack of money, pure and simple.
两个或两个以上前置定语词序比较
大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 The doctors have tried every way possible.
为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.
它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area.
He told me something important. 这台电脑没有什么毛病。
There is nothing wrong with this computer.