III. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science—because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the data's producers—most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovich's team could conduct only limited analyses.Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects –but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to ‘shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve’. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, thepractice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers –those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often – get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. ‘I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,’ she says. ‘It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.62. What do many researchers generally accept?A. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.B. Open data sharing is most important to medical science.C. Repositories are essential to scientific research.D. It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.63. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?A. Ambiguous.B. Neutral.C. Liberal.D. Opposed.64. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?A. The fear of massive copying.B. The lack of a research culture.C. The belief that research data is private intellectual property.D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.65. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?A. The ever-growing demand for big data.B. The advancement of digital technology.C. The changing attitude of journals and funders.D. The trend of social and economic development.66. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.A. benefits sharers and users alikeB. saves both money and laborC. makes researchers successfulD. is becoming increasingly popularKeys: 62-66 ADCCAIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source. Not a president's social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to sharpen their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 an d 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsib ility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.63. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubt on ____________.A. the justification of the news-filtering practiceB. people's preference for social media platformsC. the administration’s ability to handle informationD. social media was a reliable source of news64. According to the knight foundation survey, young people .A. tend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB. verify news by referring to diverse resourcesC. have a strong sense of responsibilityD. like to exchange views on “distributed trust”65. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ______________.A. readers’ outdated valuesB. journalists' biased reportingC. readers' misinterpretationD. journalists' made-up stories66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendB. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineC. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social MediaD. The Platforms for Projection of Personal InterestsKeys: 63-66 DBCBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Privacy is necessary for human society to function. The problem is not that the information exists but that it reaches the wrong people. Information on the Internet could bring great benefits to society, and to individuals, when huge datasets(数据集集) can yield information otherwise unavailable. But once the information is gathered, a precautionary principle has to apply. It is unreasonable to agree with John Perry Barlow, the Internet rights pioneer, when he wittily remarked that "relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a peeping Tom to install your window blinds"; but it does not help when it appears that everything the public sector does with the huge datasets it has will be overseen by the media.Governments need to keep our trust; but technology wears away privacy in two ways. The first is simply smartphones. Most Britons-70%-now carry around with them devices which record and report their location, their friends and their interests all the time. The second is the ease with which two or more datasets can be combined to bring out secrets that are apparent in neither set on its own Now nearly 90% of the US population can be uniquely identified simply by combining their gender, date of birth and postal code. All kinds of things can be reliably inferred from freely available data: four likes on Facebook are usually enough to reveal a person's standard of spouse selection.Underlying such problems is human psychology. No one forces anybody to reveal their preferences on Facebook. The latest spectacular breach (泄露) of privacy came when the exercise app Strava published a global map of the 3 trillion data points its users had uploaded, which turned out to reveal the location of secret US military bases around the world. But the chance to boast about where you have been and how fast you were moving is exactly what makes Strava popular.Psychology, as much as technology, made this a massive security breach The users gave enthusiastic consent(允许), but it was fantastically ill-informed. Then again how could anyone give informed consent when not even the firms that collect the data can know how it will be used?The protection of private data from unintentional disclosure(公开) is primarily a social or psychological problem. What’s needed is a chance of attitude among those who harvest and process the data. They need constantly to ask themselves -or to be asked by society- how this information could be used for harm, and how to prevent that from happening.63. The underlined word “overseen”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to“______”A supervised B. disturbed C. overlooked D. underestimated64. The Strava incident is recalled to indicate____________.A. users should have stopped the app from publicly broadcasting their locationB. users should be reliably informed before giving consent for access to their dataC. users give away their personal data to satisfy their basic human desiresD. users have lost confidence in the government to protect their privacy65. According to the writer, the key to solving privacy problems is_____.A. for technicians to upgrade smartphone systems and instruct social media behaviorB. for data providers to give informed consent before using any appC for the government to ban the unapproved in formation exchange between datasetsD. for the data collectors to ensure the appropriate use of data66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Two datasets are better than oneB. It's the psychology, stupidC. Technology: a two-edged swordD. No privacy on the Internet, experts warnKeys: 63-66: ACDBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)The health benefits of engaging in physical activity (PA) during childhood include enhanced fitness,cognitive function and bone health;reduced body fatness,motor skill development,and favourable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles.Being active during childhood can also improve self-esteem and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.Participation in PA in youth is of great importance as PA mat track into adulthood where adequate levels pf PA are protective against many chronic diseases.However,in the UK appropriately 75% of boys and 80% of girls aged 5-10 years are not meeting the daily recommendation of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity...Unstructured play is also an essential part of childhood which enables children to develop a relationship with their surroundings and enhances social skills,coordination and strength.Outdoor environments facilitate play and are associated with increased levels of PA.Thus,children should be provided with daily opportunities to play outdoors. The school environment provides such an opportunity through the provision of playtime.Playtime normally takes place on the concrete school playground and lasts for at least one hour per day.However,universally playtime is reported to make relatively small contributions to children's overall daily activity requirements.In the UK,only one known study has reported the contribution of playtime to overall activity requirements,with contributions being as low as 4.5%.A number of studies have successfully increased playtime PA through the introduction of interventions such as sports or games equipment,playground markings,fitness breaks and playground structures.However,these types of interventions tend to facilitate structured rather than unstructured PA.Unstructured PA is essential to childhood development and therefore needs to be encouraged during playtime.Natural environments can encourage unstructured play and may therefore play a role in facilitating unstructured PA during playtime.Natural environments provide large open spaces which encourage individuals to be active,whilst areas lacking nature may restrict PA due to limited space and parental fears over crime and road traffic.Children report a preference for play in natural environments,with nature facilitating more imaginative and inventive play.Furthermore,adolescents living in urban settings with access to green spaces such as parks are more likely to be physically active than their peers without park access,indicating that all forms of nature can be used as a tool for engaging youth in PA.Thus,if school playtime were performed on the school field it is possible that children's PA levels would be increased.To date,there is a lack of data quantifying the impact of natural environments on levels of PA in children,particularly within the school setting.Performing PA in a natural environment ("Green Exercise") has also been demonstrated to provide improvements in self-esteem in adults,whether participants are simply viewing scenes of nature or directly interacting with natural environments.Studies in adolescents and children suggest that Green Exercise has no such additive effect on self-esteem compared to exercise in other environments.However,the only known study in children examined the impact of a green playtime intervention consisting of orienteering（定向越野比赛）.The task-oriented,structured nature of orienteering may not facilitate the green exercise effect.Unstructured free play in a natural environment may allow greater interaction with the environment, thus benefiting self-esteem.63.The main purpose of the passage is to ?A.defend an unpopular belief.B.confirm a previously untested hypothesis.C.summarize various studies of a social condition.D.expose common misconceptions surrounding an issue.64.As used in par.1 "track" most nearly means .A.carryB.assignC.monitorD.linger65.What does the author claim about "Green Exercise" in par.6?A.It benefits adults' self-esteem but its effects on children have not been fully determined.B.Looking at images of natural environments is the best way to improve self-esteem.C.Adolescents do not benefit from green exercise in the same way that adults do.D.Self-esteem can only rise through direct interaction with the environment.66.What does the author imply about physical activity in a natural environment?A.Scientific studies have determined that physical activity can only benefit self-esteem in adults.B.The relationship between physical activity in nature and self-esteem requires further study.C.Although it has been studied,physical activity in a natural environment's effects are unclear in both children and adults.D.Physical activity in a natural environment benefits self-esteem in both children and adults.Keys: 63-66 CDABIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchroni z ed（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias thathumans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internali z ed the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."63.The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting64.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes65.In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them66. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlyKeys 63-66 BADCIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to theheart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.63. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to _____.A. mainta in people’s interest in liberal educationB. define the government’s role in educationC.keep a leading position in liberal educationD. safeguard individual’s rights to education64. Which one of the following statements about what the AAAS plan suggests is true?A. an exclusive study of American historyB. a greater emphasis on theoretical subjectsC. the application of emerging technologiesD. funding for the study of foreign languages65. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. professor are routinely supportive of free marketsB. intellectual investigation are put great value on in collegeC. progressive public policy is out of boundaries of proper studyD. professors have prejudice against classical liberal ideas66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.. The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal EducationB. Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”C. Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationKeys: 63-66 CCDBIII. Reading ComprehensionSection B ( 22%)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dr. Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world’s energy future. It’s a dramatic endorsement for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark. But Sadoway isn’t al one in boasting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner, more efficient, and more equitable energy future.Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promise of batteries to change the world. Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream, signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar panels.The ubiquitous （无所不在的）battery has already come a long way, of course. For better or worse, batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles, our screen culture, our increasingly globalized world. Still, as impressive as all this is, it may be trivial compared with what comes next. Having already enabled a communications revolution, the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones, tablets, and laptops, but also our cars, homes, and even whole communities. In emerging economies, rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power. Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.Today, energy storage is a $33 billion global industry that generates nearly 100 gigawatt-hours of electri city per year. By the end of the decade, it’s expected to be worth over $50 billion and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that。