1. body part as a name from the sense, behavior or ability 2. name of a person as a name for his / her works or style 3. name of a clear sign of an object or a person as a name
• Brain / head • Wisdom, intelligence, reason • Heart • Feelings, emotions
• Use your brains. • Her heart ruled her head.
2. name of a person as a name for his works or style 用作者代替作品
事物的特征代替人或物
• Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English.
• Foreigners who possess these features • 特征代本体: 即用借体（人或事物）的特征、标志
去代替本体事物的名称。
• The grey hair should be respected. • The grey hair --- The old / aged
• He is too fond of the bottles. • the bottle -- wine /alcohol
• What is learned in the cradle (摇篮) is carried into the grave.
• 两岸青山相对出，孤帆一片日边来《望天门山》 • 用船的一部分“帆”代替船。
2）以整体代局部 the whole for the part • Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this
exciting football match. • Country -- team • She cut herself in the kitchen. • Herself for her finger • My TV is out of order. • TV for the components of a TV set
• The hall applauded.
• The audience in the hall • 工具代本体 • 等到惊蛰一犁土的季节，十家已有八户亮了囤底，揭不开
锅。（《榆钱饭》） • “囤”是装粮食的工具，用“亮了囤底”代指缺了粮；
“锅”是做饭的工具，用“揭不开锅”代指没饭吃
6. trade mark or brand as a name for the products
• Lover • Helen (海伦) • Beautiful woman Trojan (特洛伊) War • 特洛伊战争是以争夺世上最漂亮的女人
海伦（Helen）为起因
Main sources of metonymy
1. body part as a name for the sense, behavior or ability 用人的器官或其它部分代替作用或感觉
• It is the nickname for Britain. England / the English people (指英国或英国人)
• Uncle Sam (山姆大叔)
• The United States of America / Americans (指美国政府或美国人)
• Romeo
• The world is watching closely what the White House will do next .
• The White House -- American government
• “Political power grows out of the barrel (桶) of a gun.” Mao Zedong
a type of figure of speech can be included in metonymy and it refers to the substitution in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the general for the specific, the specific for the general, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).
• He was driving a Ford (福特).
• A Ford car
7. location as a name for the government, institutions or enterprises (企业)
• Downing Street (唐宁街--英国首相官邸及若干政 府主要部门的所在地)
• 圆规一面愤愤的回转身，一面絮絮的说，慢慢向 外走去……（《故乡》）
• 因为杨二嫂长得细脚伶仃，故称之为“圆规”。
Hale Waihona Puke 4. name of a place as a name for something produced or some event that happened there
• He met his Waterloo. • Napoleon was decisively defeated.
• Will you play me some Chopin (肖邦) ?
• Chopin’s music • Have you ever read Jack London? • Jack London’s novels
3. name of a clear sign of an object or a person as a name for the object or the person 用人或
• the military revolution/ force
• The pen is mightier (强大的，有力的) than the sword (剑).
• (pen -- writer; sword -- fighter)
• Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet. • Vote -- election, bullet -- military solutions
• He has a good ear for music. • The ability to appreciate or enjoy • He has a sharp tongue. • Using biting (尖锐的，刺痛的) or severe (严厉的)
words in speech • He has a ready tongue. • He is fluent and quick to answer questions.
5. instrument or container as a name for the method, position or substance 用处所或容器代替其中的人或物
• The kettle is boiling.
• The water in the kettle is boiling.
• Hollywood
• American film-making industry • Wall Street 华尔街（纽约一街名） • 美国金融界 U.S. financial circles • Broadway 百老汇大街（纽约一街名） • 美国戏剧业 centre for dramas
Review—give me examples
L/O/G/O
Metonymy ＆ Synecdoche
Metonymy （转喻/ 换喻）
the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.
转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但 有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙 事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修 辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而 是在“联想” .
position or substance 6. trade mark or brand as a name for the products 7. location as a name for the government, institutions or
enterprises (企业)
Synecdoche （提喻）
• Things learned in childhood will not be forgotten till death.
• Land belonging to the crown (王冠) occupied the best part of the country.
• King / monarch
• The poor man is now left without a roof. • Roof for house
• The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks. • Legs for persons on foot, the infantry (步兵)
Classification
1) 以局部代整体 part for whole • There are two mouths to feed in my family. • (mouth = person) • God bless the hands that prepared this