总习题一1. 在“充分”、“必要”和“充分必要”三者中选择一个正确的填入下列空格内:(1)数列{x n }有界是数列{x n }收敛的________条件. 数列{x n }收敛是数列{x n }有界的________的条件.(2)f (x )在x 0的某一去心邻域内有界是)(lim 0x f x x →存在的________条件.)(lim 0x f x x →存在是f (x )在x 0的某一去心邻域内有界的________条件.(3) f (x )在x 0的某一去心邻域内无界是∞=→)(lim 0x f x x 的________条件.∞=→)(lim 0x f x x 是f (x )在x 0的某一去心邻域内无界的________条件.(4)f (x )当x →x 0时的右极限f (x 0+)及左极限f (x 0-)都存在且相等是)(lim 0x f x x →存在的________条件.解 (1) 必要, 充分. (2) 必要, 充分. (3) 必要, 充分. (4) 充分必要.2. 选择以下题中给出的四个结论中一个正确的结论: 设f (x )=2x +3x -2, 则当x →0时, 有( ).(A )f (x )与x 是等价无穷小; (B )f (x )与x 同阶但非等价无穷小; (C )f (x )是比x 高阶的无穷小; (D )f (x )是比x 低阶的无穷小.解 因为x x xx x f x x x x x x x x 13lim 12lim 232lim )(lim0000-+-=-+=→→→→ 3ln 2ln )1ln(lim 3ln )1ln(lim 2ln 00+=+++=→→u u t t u t (令2x -1=t , 3x -1=u ) .所以f (x )与x 同阶但非等价无穷小, 故应选B .3. 设f (x )的定义域是[0, 1], 求下列函数的定义域: (1) f (e x ); (2) f (ln x ); (3) f (arctan x ); (4) f (cos x ).解 (1)由0≤e x ≤1得x ≤0, 即函数f (e x )的定义域为(-∞, 0]. (2) 由0≤ ln x ≤1得1≤x ≤e , 即函数f (ln x )的定义域为[1, e ].(3) 由0≤ arctan x ≤1得0≤x ≤tan 1, 即函数f (arctan x )的定义域为[0, tan 1]. (4) 由0≤ cos x ≤1得2222ππππ+≤≤-n x n (n =0, ±1, ±2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅),即函数f (cos x )的定义域为[2,22ππππ+-n n ], (n =0, ±1, ±2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅).4. 设⎩⎨⎧>≤=0 0 0)(x x x x f , ⎩⎨⎧>-≤=00)(2x x x x g , 求f [f (x )], g [g (x )], f [g (x )], g [f (x )].解 因为f (x )≥0, 所以f [f (x )]=f (x )⎩⎨⎧>≤=0 0 0x x x ;因为g (x )≤0, 所以g [g (x )]=0; 因为g (x )≤0, 所以f [g (x )]=0;因为f (x )≥0, 所以g [f (x )]=-f 2(x )⎩⎨⎧>-≤=0 002x x x .5. 利用y =sin x 的图形作出下列函数的图形:(1)y =|sin x |; (2)y =sin|x |; (3)2sin 2x y =.6. 把半径为R 的一圆形铁片, 自中心处剪去中心角为α的一扇形后围成一无底圆锥. 试将这圆锥的体积表为α的函数.解 设围成的圆锥的底半径为r , 高为h , 依题意有R (2π-α)=2πr , παπ2)2(-=R r ,παπαπαπ244)2(2222222-=--=-=R R R r R h . 圆锥的体积为παπαπαππ244)2(312222-⋅-⋅=R R V 22234)2(24a R -⋅-=πααππ(0<α<2π). 7. 根据函数极限的定义证明536lim 23=---→x x x x .证明 对于任意给定的ε>0, 要使ε<----|536|2x x x , 只需|x -3|<ε, 取δ=ε, 当0<|x -3|<δ时, 就有|x -3|<ε, 即ε<----|536|2x x x , 所以536lim 23=---→x x x x .8. 求下列极限:(1)221)1(1lim -+-→x x x x ; (2))1(lim 2x x x x -++∞→;(3)1)1232(lim +∞→++x x x x ;(4)30sin tan lim x x x x -→; (5)x x x x x c b a 10)3(lim ++→(a >0, b >0, c >0); (6)x x x tan 2)(sin lim π→.解 (1)因为01)1(lim 221=+--→x x x x , 所以∞=-+-→221)1(1lim x x x x . (2))1()1)(1(lim )1(lim 2222x x x x x x x x x x x x ++++-+=-++∞→+∞→211111lim 1lim22=++=++=+∞→+∞→x x x x x x .(3)2121211)1221(lim )1221(lim )1232(lim ++∞→+∞→+∞→++=++=++x x x x x x x x x x 21212)1221()1221(l i m++++=+∞→x x x x e x x x x x =++⋅++=∞→+∞→21212)1221(lim )1221(lim . (4)x x x x x x x x x x x x x cos )cos 1(sin lim )1cos 1(sin lim sin tan lim 303030-=-=-→→→ 21)2(2lim cos 2sin 2sin lim320320=⋅=⋅=→→x x x x x x x x x (提示: 用等价无穷小换).(5)x c b a c b a xx x x xx xx x x x x x x x cb ac ba 3333010)331(lim )3(lim -++⋅-++→→-+++=++,因为e c b a x x x c b a xx x x =-+++-++→330)331(l i m , )111(lim 3133lim 00xc x b x a x c b a xx x x x x x x -+-+-=-++→→ ])1l n (1lim ln )1ln(1lim ln )1ln(1lim [ln 31000v c u b t a v u t +++++=→→→3ln )ln ln (ln 31abc c b a =++=, 所以 3ln 103)3(lim abc e c b a abc x x x x x ==++→. 提示: 求极限过程中作了变换a x -1=t , b x -1=u , c x -1=v .(6)xx x x xx x x tan )1(sin 1sin 12tan 2)]1(sin1[lim )(sin lim -⋅-→→-+=ππ, 因为e x xx =-+-→1s i n 12)]1(sin1[lim π,x x x x x x x c o s )1(s i n s i n l i mt a n )1(s i n l i m 22-=-→→ππ 01s i nc o s s i n lim )1(sin cos )1(sin sin lim 222=+-=+-=→→x x x x x x x x x ππ,所以 1)(s i n lim 0tan 2==→e xx x π. 9. 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤+>=01sin )(2x x a x xx x f , 要使f (x )在(-∞, +∞)内连续, 应怎样选择数a ? 解 要使函数连续, 必须使函数在x =0处连续. 因为f (0)=a , a x a x f x x =+=--→→)(lim )(lim 200, 01sinlim )(lim 00==++→→xx x f x x , 所以当a =0时, f (x )在x =0处连续. 因此选取a =0时, f (x )在(-∞, +∞)内连续.10. 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤<-+>=-01 )1ln()(11x x x e x f x , 求f (x )的间断点, 并说明间断点所属类形. 解 因为函数f (x )在x =1处无定义, 所以x =1是函数的一个间断点.因为0lim )(lim 1111==-→→--x x x e x f (提示-∞=--→11lim 1x x ),∞==-→→++1111l i m )(l i m x x x e x f (提示+∞=-+→11lim1x x ), 所以x =1是函数的第二类间断点.又因为0)1ln(lim )(lim 0=+=--→→x x f x x , ee xf x x x 1lim )(lim 110==-→→++,所以x =0也是函数的间断点, 且为第一类间断点.11. 证明()11 2111lim222=++⋅⋅⋅++++∞→nn n n n . 证明 因为()11 211122222+≤++⋅⋅⋅++++≤+n n n n n n n n n , 且 1111lim lim 2=+=+∞→∞→n n n n n n , 1111lim 1lim 22=+=+∞→∞→nn n n n ,所以()11 2111lim222=++⋅⋅⋅++++∞→nn n n n . 12. 证明方程sin x +x +1=0在开区间)2,2(ππ-内至少有一个根.证明 设f (x )=sin x +x +1, 则函数f (x )在]2,2 [ππ-上连续.因为2121)2 (πππ-=+--=-f , 22121)2 (πππ+=++=f , 0)2()2 (<⋅-ππf f ,所以由零点定理, 在区间)2,2 (ππ-内至少存在一点ξ, 使f (ξ)=0.这说明方程sin x +x +1=0在开区间)2,2 (ππ-内至少有一个根.13. 如果存在直线L : y =kx +b , 使得当x →∞(或x →+∞, x →-∞)时, 曲线y =f (x )上的动点M (x , y )到直线L 的距离d (M , L )→0, 则称L 为曲线y =f (x )的渐近线. 当直线L 的斜率k ≠0时, 称L 为斜渐近线.(1)证明: 直线L : y =kx +b 为曲线y =f (x )的渐近线的充分必要条件是xx f k x x x )(l i m),( -∞→+∞→∞→=, ])([lim),( kx x f b x x x -=-∞→+∞→∞→.(2)求曲线xe x y 1)12(-=的斜渐近线.证明 (1) 仅就x →∞的情况进行证明.按渐近线的定义, y =kx +b 是曲线y =f (x )的渐近线的充要条件是 0)]()([lim =+-∞→b kx x f x .必要性: 设y =kx +b 是曲线y =f (x )的渐近线, 则0)]()([lim =+-∞→b kx x f x ,于是有 0])([l i m =--∞→xb k x x f x x ⇒0)(lim =-∞→k x x f x ⇒x x f k x )(lim∞→=, 同时有 0])([lim =--∞→b kx x f x ⇒])([lim kx x f b x -=∞→. 充分性: 如果xx f k x )(lim∞→=, ])([lim kx x f b x -=∞→, 则0])([lim ])([lim )]()([lim =-=--=--=+-∞→∞→∞→b b b kx x f b kx x f b kx x f x x x , 因此y =kx +b 是曲线y =f (x )的渐近线. (2)因为212lim lim 1=⋅-==∞→∞→x x x e x x x y k ,11)1l n (lim21)1(lim 2]2)12[(lim ]2[lim 011=-+=--=--=-=→∞→∞→∞→t t e x x e x x y b t x x x x x , 所以曲线xe x y 1)12(-=的斜渐近线为y =2x +1.习题 2-21. 推导余切函数及余割函数的导数公式: (cot x )'=-csc 2x ; (csc x )'=-csc x cot x .解 x x x x x x x x 2sin cos cos sin sin )sin cos ()(cot ⋅-⋅-='=' x xx x x 22222c s c s i n 1s i n c o s s i n -=-=+-=. x x xx x x c o t c s c s i n c o s )s i n 1()(c s c 2⋅-=-='='.2. 求下列函数的导数: (1)1227445+-+=xx x y ; (2) y =5x 3-2x +3e x ; (3) y =2tan x +sec x -1; (4) y =sin x ⋅cos x ; (5) y =x 2ln x ; (6) y =3e x cos x ; (7)x x y ln =;(8)3ln 2+=xey x ;(9) y =x 2ln x cos x ;(10)tt s cos 1sin 1++=;解 (1))12274()12274(14545'+-+='+-+='---x x x xx x y 2562562282022820x x x x x x +--=+--=---. (2) y '=(5x 3-2x +3e x )'=15x 2-2x ln2+3e x .(3) y '=(2tan x +sec x -1)'=2sec 2x +sec x ⋅tan x =sec x (2sec x +tan x ). (4) y '=(sin x ⋅cos x )'=(sin x )'⋅cos x +sin x ⋅(cos x )' =cos x ⋅cos x +sin x ⋅(-sin x )=cos 2x . (5) y '=(x 2ln x )'=2x ⋅ln x +x 2⋅x1=x (2ln x +1) .(6) y '=(3e x cos x )'=3e x ⋅cos x +3e x ⋅(-sin x )=3e x (cos x -sin x ).(7)22ln 1ln 1)ln (x x x xx x x x y -=-⋅='='. (8)3422)2(2)3ln (x x e x x e x e x e y x x x x -=⋅-⋅='+='. (9) y '=(x 2ln x cos x )'=2x ⋅ln x cos x +x 2⋅x1⋅cos x +x 2 ln x ⋅(-sin x )2x ln x cos x +x cos x -x 2 ln x sin x . (10)22)cos 1(cos sin 1)cos 1()sin )(sin 1()cos 1(cos )cos 1sin 1(t tt t t t t t t t s +++=+-+-+='++='.3. 求下列函数在给定点处的导数: (1) y =sin x -cos x , 求6π='x y 和4π='x y .(2)θθθρcos 21sin +=,求4πθθρ=d d .(3)553)(2x x x f +-=, 求f '(0)和f '(2) . 解 (1)y '=cos x +sin x , 21321236s i n6c o s 6+=+=+='=πππx y , 222224s i n4c o s 4=+=+='=πππx y . (2)θθθθθθθθρcos sin 21sin 21cos sin +=-+=d d ,)21(4222422214c o s 44s i n 214πππππθρπθ+=⋅+⋅=+==d d . (3)x x x f 52)5(3)(2+-=', 253)0(='f , 1517)2(='f . 4. 以初速v 0竖直上抛的物体, 其上升高度s 与时间t 的关系是2021gt t v s -=.求:(1)该物体的速度v (t ); (2)该物体达到最高点的时刻. 解 (1)v (t )=s '(t )=v 0-gt . (2)令v (t )=0, 即v 0-gt =0, 得gv t 0=, 这就是物体达到最高点的时刻. 5. 求曲线y =2sin x +x 2上横坐标为x =0的点处的切线方程和法线方程. 解 因为y '=2cos x +2x , y '|x =0=2, 又当x =0时, y =0, 所以所求的切线方程为 y =2x , 所求的法线方程为x y 21-=, 即x +2y =0.6. 求下列函数的导数: (1) y =(2x +5)4 (2) y =cos(4-3x ); (3)23x e y -=; (4) y =ln(1+x 2); (5) y =sin 2x ; (6)22x a y -=; (7) y =tan(x 2); (8) y =arctan(e x ); (9) y =(arcsin x )2; (10) y =lncos x .解 (1) y '=4(2x +5)4-1⋅(2x +5)'=4(2x +5)3⋅2=8(2x +5)3. (2) y '=-sin(4-3x )⋅(4-3x )'=-sin(4-3x )⋅(-3)=3sin(4-3x ). (3)22233236)6()3(x x x xe x e x e y ----=-⋅='-⋅='. (4)222212211)1(11xx x x x x y +=⋅+='+⋅+='.(5) y '=2sin x ⋅(sin x )'=2sin x ⋅cos x =sin 2x .(6))()(21])[(22121222122'-⋅-='-='-x a x a x ay222122)2()(21xa x x x a --=-⋅-=-.(7) y '=sec 2(x 2)⋅(x 2)'=2x sec 2(x 2).(8)xxxx e e e e y 221)()(11+='⋅+='. (9) y '21arcsin 2)(arcsin arcsin 2x x x x -='⋅=.(10)x x x x x y tan )sin (cos 1)(cos cos 1-=-='⋅='.7. 求下列函数的导数: (1) y =arcsin(1-2x ); (2)211x y -=; (3)x e y x3cos 2-=;(4)xy 1arccos =;(5)xx y ln 1ln 1+-=;(6)x x y 2sin =;(7)x y arcsin =; (8))ln(22x a x y ++=; (9) y =ln(sec x +tan x ); (10) y =ln(csc x -cot x ). 解 (1)2221)21(12)21()21(11xx x x x y --=---='-⋅--='.(2))1()1(21])1[(21212212'-⋅--='-='---x x x y 222321)1()2()1(21xx x x x --=-⋅--=-. (3))3)(3sin (3cos )2()3(cos 3cos )(2222'-+'-='+'='----x x e x x e x e x e y x xx x )3s i n 63(c o s 213s i n 33c o s 21222x x e x e x e x xx +-=--=---. (4)1||)1()1(11)1()1(1122222-=---='--='x x x x xx x y . (5)22)ln 1(2)ln 1(1)ln 1()ln 1(1x x x x x x x y +-=+--+-='. (6)222sin 2cos 212sin 22cos x x xx x x xx y -=⋅-⋅⋅='. (7)2222121)(11)()(11x x x x x x y -=⋅-='⋅-='. (8)])(211[1)(12222222222'+++⋅++='++⋅++='x a x a x a x x a x x a x y 2222221)]2(211[1x a x x a x a x +=++⋅++=. (9) x xx x x x x x x x y sec tan sec sec tan sec )tan (sec tan sec 12=++='+⋅+='. (10) x xx x x x x x x x y csc cot csc csc cot csc )cot (csc cot csc 12=-+-='-⋅-='.8. 求下列函数的导数:(1)2)2(arcsin x y =; (2)2tan ln x y =; (3)x y 2ln 1+=;(4)x e y arctan =;(5)y =sin n x cos nx ;(6)11arctan -+=x x y ; (7)xx y arccos arcsin =; (8) y =ln[ln(ln x )] ;(9)xx x x y -++--+1111; (10)xx y +-=11arcsin . 解 (1)'⋅=')2(arcsin )2(arcsin 2x x y )2()2(11)2(a r c s i n 22'⋅-⋅=x x x 21)2(11)2(a r c s i n 22⋅-⋅=x x . 242a r c s i n 2xx -= (2))2(2sec 2tan 1)2(tan 2tan 12'⋅⋅='⋅='x x x x xy x x x c s c 212s e c 2t a n 12=⋅⋅=.(3))ln 1(ln 121ln 1222'+⋅+=+='x xx y )(l n ln 2ln 1212'⋅⋅+=x x xx x x 1ln 2ln 1212⋅⋅+= x x x 2ln 1ln +=. (4))(arctan arctan '⋅='x e y x )()(112arctan'⋅+⋅=x x e x )1(221)(11a r c t a n 2a r c t a n x x e x x e x x +=⋅+⋅=. (5) y '=n sin n -1x ⋅(sin x )'⋅cos nx +sin n x ⋅(-sin nx )⋅(nx )'=n sin n -1x ⋅cos x ⋅cos nx +sin n x ⋅(-sin nx )⋅n=n sin n -1x ⋅(cos x ⋅cos nx -sin x ⋅sin nx )= n sin n -1x cos(n +1)x .(6)222211)1()1()1()11(11)11()11(11x x x x x x x x x x y +-=-+--⋅-++='-+⋅-++='. (7)222)(arccos arcsin 11arccos 11x x x x x y -+-=' 22)(a r c c o s a r c s i n a r c c o s 11x x x x +⋅-=22)(a r c c o s 12x x -=π. (8))(ln ln 1)ln(ln 1])[ln(ln )ln(ln 1'⋅⋅='⋅='x xx x x y )l n (l n ln 11ln 1)ln(ln 1x x x x x x ⋅=⋅⋅=. (9)2)11()121121)(11()11)(121121(x x x x x x x x xx y -++--+--+--++-++=' 22111xx -+-=.(10)2)1()1()1(1111)11(1111x x x xxx x x x y +--+-⋅+--='+-⋅+--=' )1(2)1(1x x x -+-=. 9. 设函数f (x )和g (x )可导, 且f 2(x )+g 2(x )≠0, 试求函数)()(22x g x f y +=的导数.解 ])()([)()(212222'+⋅+='x g x f x g x f y)]()(2)()(2[)()(2122x g x g x f x f x g x f '+'⋅+=)()()()()()(22x g x f x g x g x f x f +'+'=.10. 设f (x )可导, 求下列函数y 的导数dx dy:(1) y =f (x 2);(2) y =f (sin 2x )+f (cos 2x ).解 (1) y '=f '(x 2)⋅(x 2)'= f '(x 2)⋅2x =2x ⋅f '(x 2).(2) y '=f '(sin 2x )⋅(sin 2x )'+f '(cos 2x )⋅(cos 2x )'= f '(sin 2x )⋅2sin x ⋅cos x +f '(cos 2x )⋅2cos x ⋅(-sin x ) =sin 2x [f '(sin 2x )- f '(cos 2x )].11. 求下列函数的导数:(1) y =ch(sh x );(2) y =sh x ⋅e ch x ;(3) y =th(ln x );(4) y =sh 3x +ch 2x ;(5) y =th(1-x 2);(6) y =arch(x 2+1);(7) y =arch(e 2x );(8) y =arctan(th x );(9)xx y 2ch 21ch ln +=; (10))11(ch 2+-=x x y 解 (1) y '=sh(sh x )⋅(sh x )'=sh(sh x )⋅ch x . (2) y '=ch x ⋅e ch x +sh x ⋅e ch x ⋅sh x =e ch x (ch x +sh 2x ) .(3))(ln ch 1)(ln )(ln ch 122x x x x y ⋅='⋅='. (4) y '=3sh 2x ⋅ch x +2ch x ⋅sh x =sh x ⋅ch x ⋅(3sh x +2) .(5))1(ch 2)1()1(ch 122222x x x x y --=-⋅-='. (6)222)1()1(112422++='+⋅++='x x x x x y . (7)12)(1)(142222-='⋅-='x x x x e e e e y . (8)xxx x x x x y 222222ch 1ch sh 11ch 1th 11)th ()th (11⋅+=⋅+='⋅+=' xx x 222sh 211sh ch 1+=+=. (9))ch (ch 21)ch (ch 124'⋅-'⋅='x xx x y x x xx x sh ch 2ch 21ch sh 4⋅⋅-= xx x x x x x x 323ch sh ch sh ch sh ch sh -⋅=-= x xx x x x 33332th ch sh ch )1ch (sh ==-⋅=. (10)'+-⋅+-⋅+-='+-⋅+-=')11()11(sh )11(ch 2])11(ch [)11(ch 2x x x x x x x x x x y )112(sh )1(2)1()1()1()112(sh 22+-⋅+=+--+⋅+-⋅=x x x x x x x x . 12. 求下列函数的导数:(1) y =e -x (x 2-2x +3);(2) y =sin 2x ⋅sin(x 2);(3)2)2(arctan x y =; (4)n xx y ln=; (5)t t t t ee e e y --+-=; (6)xy 1cos ln =; (7)x e y 1sin 2-=;(8)x x y +=;(9) 242arcsin x x x y -+=; (10)212arcsin tty +=. 解 (1) y '=-e -x (x 2-2x +3)+e -x (2x -2) =e -x (-x 2+4x -5).(2) y '=2sin x ⋅cos x ⋅sin(x 2)+sin 2x ⋅cos(x 2)⋅2x =sin2x ⋅sin(x 2)+2x ⋅sin 2x ⋅cos(x 2).(3)2arctan 44214112arctan 222x x xx y +=⋅+⋅='. (4)121ln 1ln 1+--=⋅-⋅='n n n n x x n x nx x x xy . (5)2222)1(4)())(())((+=+---++='-----t t t t t t t t t t t t e e e e e e e e e e e e y . (6)x x x x x x x y 1tan 1)1()1sin (1sec )1(cos 1sec 22=-⋅-⋅='⋅='. (7))1(1cos )1sin 2()1sin (21sin 21sin 22x x x e x e y x x -⋅⋅-⋅='-⋅='-- x e x x1s i n 222s i n 1-⋅⋅=.(8))211(21)(21x x x x x x x y +⋅+='+⋅+=' xx x x +⋅+=412. (9)2arcsin )2(421214112arcsin 22x x x xx x y =-⋅-+⋅-⋅+='. (10)22222222)1()2(2)1(2)12(11)12()12(11t t t t tt t t t t y +⋅-+⋅⋅+-='+⋅+-=' )1(|1|)1(2)1()1(2)1(1222222222t t t t t t t +--=+-⋅-+=.。