呼吸衰竭护理讲课PPT课件
In chronic respiratory failure, gradual worsening of respiratory function leads to progressive impairment of gas exchange, the metabolic effects of which are partially compensated by adaptations in other systems
三、呼吸运动的随意调节
●大脑皮层控制随意呼吸运动。 ●这种控制是有一定限度的。如潜水需要屏气,
但不能 无限制屏气。 ●临床上,若自主控制通路受损,可观察到自
主呼吸和随意呼吸的分离现象。即自主呼吸 运动消失,患者必须“记住”要呼吸,一旦 入睡或注意力转移,呼吸运动停止。
Definition and Classification Definition
著升高(>80mmHg),将抑制中枢神经系统,出现呼吸困难, 头痛,头晕,甚至昏迷称为CO2麻醉。
CO2 ↑(正常CO2为0.04%)对呼吸的影响
●吸入气中CO2 1% 时→呼吸开始加深; ●4%CO2时→呼吸加深加快,通气量↑1倍以上; ●6%CO2时→肺通气量可增大6-7倍; ●7%CO2时→血液中PC02明显升高,可出现头昏、 头痛等症状; ●超过15%-20%,呼吸反而被抑制,可出现惊厥、 昏迷,甚至呼吸停止。
Definition and Classification
Definition
P aO2<8 kPa(60mmHg) P aCO2 >6.66
kPa(50mmHg)
Classification
2.Classification (1)According to PaCO2 ■(Type I)respiratory failure (Hypoxemic respiratory failure)
takes place.
Used with permission: Jensen M.S., Webanatomy 2007
Respiratory Review: Now your Breath is…
Alveoli fill with air. Oxygen diffuses thru alveoli walls. Oxygen diffuses to Capillaries
Respiratory failure develops when the rate of gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood is unable to match the body's metabolic demands.
It is diagnosed when the patient loses the ability to provide sufficient oxygen to the blood and develops hypoxemia or when the patient is unable to adequately ventilate and develops hypercarbia and hypoxemia.
②H+对呼吸运动调节的途径及特点
动脉血中 〔H+〕
脑脊液中 〔H+〕
外周化学 感受器
中枢化学 感受器
呼吸 中枢
呼吸 加强
*血液的H+不易通过血脑屏障,因此对中枢 化学感受器的影响很弱。
③低氧对呼吸的兴奋是通过外周化学感受器 实现。低氧对呼吸中枢直接作用是抑制。
不同程度的低氧对呼吸的影响不同
中度低氧
1.概念:呼吸肌的收缩和舒张引起胸廓节律性 扩大和缩小,包括吸气运动和呼气运动。
吸气肌: 膈肌和肋间外肌 呼气肌: 肋间内肌和腹肌 辅助吸气肌: 胸锁乳突肌 和斜角肌
呼吸运动的调节 一、 呼吸中枢与呼吸节律的形成
呼吸中枢:中枢 神经系统内产生 和调节呼吸运动 的神经细胞群。
Apneusis 长吸式呼吸
a PaO2 of less than 60 mm Hg with a normal or low PaCO2.
Cause of:Edema, Vascular disease, Chest Wall &
Pleural disease.
■ ( TypeⅡ ) respiratory failure ( Hypercapnic respiratory failure)
O2 CO2
External circulation respiration
CO2
Internal respiration
肺通气(Pulmonary ventilation)
肺通气:肺与外界环境气体交换的过程。
一、肺通气的动力
直接动力:肺内压与 外界大气的压力差
原动力:呼吸运动
呼吸运动
(一)呼吸运动(respiratory movement)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Respiratory failure is a common diagnosis among patients in medical intensive care units (ICUs) and is associated with a poor prognosis.
碳酸酐酶
CO2+H2O
H2CO3
碳酸酐酶
HCO3+- H+
2.CO2、H+、O2对呼吸运动的调节
① CO2:动脉血中一定水平PCO2是维持 呼吸中枢基本活动的必要因素。
CO2刺激呼吸运动的途径: 中枢化学感受器(起主要作用,但反应慢) 外周化学感受器(与快速呼吸反应有关)
吸入气CO2浓度适当增加(1%~7%),呼吸运动加深加快; CO2排出受限或吸入气CO2含量超标,引起动脉血PCO2显
+
外周化学感受器 一
+
呼吸中枢
严重低氧
+
一
外周化学感受器
+
呼吸中枢抑制
呼吸加深加快
呼吸运动抑制
3.CO2、H+和O2在呼吸调节中的相互作用
●发生总和而加大对呼吸的影响: 例:PCO2↑→ [H+]↑,二者作用发生总和,
肺通气的增加比单因素PCO2↑时明显 ●相互抵消而减弱对呼吸的影响:
例:[H+]↑→肺通气量↑→CO2排出↑→ PCO2↓,肺通气的增加比单因素[H+]↑时小
In practice, respiratory failure is defined as a PaO2 value of less than 60 mm Hg while breathing air or a PaCO2 of more than 50 mm Hg. (mmHg=millimeter hydrargyrum)
and bloodstream. Hemoglobin for transport of
oxygen. Oxygen to the heart and
to the body.
Respiratory Review Let your air out…
Hemoglobin frees oxygen. O2 to cells. CO2 is the waste product. Veins return CO2 to heart. Heart pumps CO2 to lungs. CO2 passes alveoli to be exhaled
Air is warmed and humidified. Cilia filter out dust particles. Macrophages destroy germs. Air goes to L and R bronchi. Then to the bronchioles. Through to the Alveoli. Oxygen and CO2 exchange
Respiratory Quiz
Respiratory Assessment:
Understanding the anatomy of the lungs, where does the exchange of hioles B. Aveoli C. Bronchial Tubes
Respiratory failure is a syndrome in which the respiratory system fails in one or both of its gas exchange functions: oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination.
Nursing Management of
respiratory failure
Jiang Shenghua
呼吸: 机体与外界环境之间的气 体交换过程。
Let’s Review: Respiratory Anatomy
Upper Respiratory Tract: Mouth, nose, throat (pharynx),
larynx, trachea Lower Respiratory Tract:
Lungs, bronchi, alveoli Medulla Oblongata
Controls inspiration/expiration
Microsoft clipart
Anatomy Review
Respiratory Review Let’s Take a Breath Together:
Contents
Definition and Classification Epidemiology Physiology pathogenesis Clinical Evaluation Initial Management Advanced Management