Part 2 Listening 1 （略微读一读）For many of you this will be your last year at university and now is the time for you to begin thinking seriously about your future careers. In order to give you as much help as possible, I have quoted a list of questions that you ought to ask yourself.First, “Have I got a clear knowledg e of my abilities as well as my interests?” Be honest about your weaknesses as well as your strengths. Take a really good look at yourself and give real thought to the kind of person you are, and what kind of person you want to be.Second, “Do I know the kinds of occupations in which people like myself tend to find success and satisfaction?”Talk to people who have similar abilities and interests and who are already in the careers that interest you. You can gain some idea of what they consider to be important and challenging in those careers. Watch these people at work.Third, “Have I weighed carefully the immediate advantages against the long-term prospects offered by the jobs I am considering?” Will the occupation you select give you satisfaction in the years to come? Realize now the importance of education in all fields, technical and professional. Remember that chances of promotio n are usually given to educated persons --- other things being equal.Fourth, “Have I talked with my parents, my teachers and my headmaster?”Remember they have a lot of experience that you can benefit from. They can help you think about the jobs. They can stimulate you to give careful thought to what you really want to do, and offer useful suggestions about how you might take full advantage of your personal qualitie s and qualifications.Last, “How do I regard my job? Is it just a means of getting money to do the things that I want to do? Is the work important to my future happiness? Is it a combination of both?”The above questions and their answers should give you some better ideas about how you should start planning your career. Your life-long job cannot be approached in any kind of haphazard（随意的）fashion. It must be considered carefully, examined from every angle, and talked over with those who know you and those who can help you in any way.Part 4 Section 1 （练习、细读）There are at least 100 million workers in the Unites States. Most of them are on the job 35 to 40 hours a week. Their typical day includes seven to eight hours of work. Usually, they have a 15-minute coffee break in the morning and in the afternoon. But work schedules vary from job to job.White-collar workers--office workers and many professionals—usually have “nine to five” jobs. They begin at 9:00 a.m. and finish at 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Blue-collar workers—mechanics, electricians, and laborers-- often work from 8:00a.m. to 4:00 p.m. In many factories, blue-collar workers come to work in eight-hour shifts. Typically, these shifts start at 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m., and midnight. Finally, sales people and managers in retail stores work on Monday and Thursday nights, when the stores are open. Many retail workers also work on Saturdays, and some work on Sundays.These are the normal schedule for most American workers. However, many businesses now use a new system called “flex-time scheduling”. Under this system, the employees choose their own working hours. Some people work from 8:00 to 4:00 five days a week. Some work from 9:00 to 5:00. Other people work 10 or 12 hours a day four days a week. Employees and mangers are both happy with the system. The employees like the freedom of choice, so they work hard. The managers, of course, like the hard-working employees.What, then, is a typical work schedule? It depends on the job—and on the workers.Part 2 Listening 1 （听读，注意加粗的词句）Every culture has its own way of saying things, its own special expressions. These are the living speech of a people. The “soap” expressions in English are just one example.Soap operas are radio and television plays about the problems and emotions in human relationships. They are called soap operas because the first programs--years ago--were paid for by soap-making companies.Like musical operas, soap operas are not about real people. And critics charge that they do not represent a balanced picture of real life. They note that almost everyone in a soap opera has a serious emotional problem, or is guilty of a crime. And there are several crises in every program.Yet, soap opera fans do not care about what the critics say. They love the programs and watch them every day.Such loyalty has made soap operas very popular in the United States. In fact, a few programs are so popular that they have been produced with the same actors for many years.Another expression that uses the word “soap” is “soap box”.There was a time when soap and other products were shipped in wooden boxes. The boxes were small, but strong. You could stand on one to see over the heads in a crowd or to be seen in a crowd. Soap boxes were a simple, easy way to make yourself taller if you wanted to give a public speech.Such soap box speeches usually were political and one-sided. The speakers shouted their ideas to anyone who walked by. Many talked for hours, refusing to get off their soap boxes.Today, you don't need a wooden box to make a soap box speech. Anyone, anywhere, who talks endlessly about a cause, is said to be on a soap box.Another quieter way to win support or gain influence is to “soft-soap” a person. This means to use praise or other kind words to get the person to do what you want.Part 3 Practice 2 （练习、细读）The ability to speak or write two languages well is called bilingualism. Bilingual education is generally a matter of public policy. In a country like the United States that has what may be considered a national language—English--bilingual education means teaching English to those who were brought up using other native languages.On the other hand, there are nations such as Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland that have two or more national languages. This does not mean that all citizens of these countries speak two or more languages, but they are entitled to government services, including education, in the language of their choice. Some South American countries, like Peru and Ecuador, have large populations of Indians who speak various tribal tongues. There are government programs to teach the Indians Spanish, the national language in most of Latin America.Bilingual education in the United States dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when millions of immigrants who arrived needed to learn English in order to make economic and social adjustments to the way the majority of the population lived.In countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Holland, whose languages are spoken by relatively few foreigners, bilingual education has long been a part of the school curriculum. Educated persons in these countries normally learn a second language such as English, German, or French for use in international communication.Part 3 Practice 3 （可听读，注意加粗的词句）Identification of the factors that lead to fast, effective foreign language learning has become increasingly important because of the large number of people who are anxious, as adults, to learn a new language for a very specific purpose: travel, business, study, or international friendship. The requirements for effective language learning may be examined in terms of the learner, the teacher, and the curriculum.The learner must be personally committed to investing the time, applying the concentrated effort, and taking the emotional risks necessary to learn a new language. In addition to motivation, the learner should have at least minimal language-learning aptitude. While it is likely that nearly everyone can learn a new language if he or she is given enough time and effort, the ease with which you are able to acquire the language is related in part to specific language-learning aptitude. Other psychological factors that are important in picking up a new language include a sense of curiosity and a sensitivity to other people. Expectations also play an important role in determining the ease and speed with which you will learn your second language. Another factor is the learner's goals. If you are a serious adult language learner you need to write and clarify your goal in each specific area: understanding, speaking, reading, and writing.Clearly, the learner and teacher are far more important than techniques, texts, and program design. The most crucial factor involved in determining a language teacher's effectiveness, however, is probably his or her attitude toward the students, toward the language and toward the program. On the other hand, the language used in the classroom should be up-to-date and authentic. You need to learn not only words and structures but how to use them in a way acceptable to people from a different background. A good language curriculum will include practice in the nonverbal aspects of communication as well as discussion of cultural differences and similarities.Part 4 Section 1 （可自己练习）Language is the most important development in human history. The arts, sciences, laws, economic systems and religions of the world could not exist without language. Humans haven't changed biologically very much for some 40,000years. However, our ability to communicate has led us from the cave all the way to the moon.Little is known about the birth of language. Written records that are more than 4,000 years old have been found, but scientists studying human beings agree that humans were probably speaking thousands of years before that.Today, most of us learn to talk by the age of three, and for the rest of our lives we rarely stop. Even while we are reading or just thinking, we are in a sense "talking", if only to ourselves. Language is so much a part of human existence that we will be talking as long as we inhabit the earth. As linguist David Thompson notes, "When language dies, so will man."Part 4 Section 2 （可自己练习）Once upon a time there was an old man who had three sons. Calling them together, he said, "Sons, my end is near. To my oldest son I give half my camels, to my second one-third, and to my youngest one-ninth." Soon afterwards he died.Now, the old man had seventeen camels, and the three brothers were puzzled to know how to share them as their father had said. They thought a long time about the problem, and it seemed that they must either kill some of the camels and cut them into pieces, or disobey their father. At last they went to see their father's old friend and asked his advice. As soon as he heard their story, he said, "I will help you. I honored your father. I am old. I have only one camel, but take it—it is yours."Gratefully the three sons took the old man's camel, finding that it was now easy to divide the camels as their father had wished. The oldest took half—that was nine camels; the second took one-third, which was six; and the youngest took one-ninth, which was two.Only when each had received his share of camels did they discover that there was a camel to spare. So, out of gratitude to their father's friend, they returned the camel.Unit 6Part 3 Practice 1（练习、细读）Many people around the world become friends with animals. Some call their pet animals by human names. They treat them like members of the family. Scientists are now proving what many pet owners already know—pets are good for your health.The Delta Society is a research center in the northwestern state of Washington. They say animals have a healthy effect on people, especially people who are sick and lonely.Several years ago, the Delta Society developed a program called "pet therapy". At least 2,500 people work in pet therapy programs throughout the country. They take animals to visit people in hospitals, prisons and private homes. Dogs and cats aretaken most often. But other visitors include snakes, rabbits, horses and birds. Some of the animals stay with the people forever.The dolphin also has a good effect on people. Scientists at the Dolphin Research Center in Florida introduce sick people to playful dolphins. People feed the dolphins, touch them, and ride on the dolphins' backs in the water.In this way, the animals help the patients feel better.The head of the Delta Society, Linda Hines, says one reason for the pet therapy is that animals help sick people get better. Also, she says the animals have a calming effect on people, because pets can help people forget their own problems.Part 3 Practice 2 （可自己练习）Pet-lovers who are on a budget should choose a cat rather than a dog. First, the initial cost of a cat is far less than that of a dog. Cats can be gotten for free from ads in the paper or, for a small donation, from the SPCA. Dogs, on the other hand, may cost anywhere from 20 dollars for a mixed puppy to hundreds for a pedigree dog. Second, cats are cheaper to feed than dogs. Cats are small and eat little. Dry cat food is especially economical. A dog, though, can eat his way through 50 dollars a month without even trying, if he's even close to being large. A final area where cat owners save is on vet bills. Cats do not require many annual shots, and are usually quite healthy. In contrast, a dog's vet bills can be astronomical. Dogs require numerous shots annually and are susceptible to more diseases than humans. Dollar for dollar, a cat is a far better pet for most people.Part 3 Practice 4 （练习、细读）Over 450 wild horses have been killed in Nevada. The land they were on belonged to the government. Some people say it is worse than when all the buffaloes were killed. Many of the horses were shot while running.Wild horses are protected by law. 28 thousand wild horses share the land with six million cattle. Cattlemen say the horses are crowding the cattle out. It is said that there is a war going on. Both the cattle and the horses need the water and grass that is on the land.The president of the Nevada cattleman group also helps to protect the horses. He says that he does not like what is happening to the horses. He does want the government to help keep the number of horses low.Some people think the Navy used the wild horses for target practice. Pilots flew over the area where the horses were found. The Navy said that they did not let their pilots do that.The horses were found far from the nearest road. The killings happened over a large area. It has been happening for the last two years.Some people think that the horses should be gotten rid of. Others think that they should stay. In the meantime, the police will try to figure out who did it.Part4 Section 2（可自己听读）Five-year-old "gorilla boy" Levan leaves hospital. The little boy who changedthe public image of gorillas faced the cameras today for the first time since his accident and declared, "I like monkeys."Levan Merritt fell into the gorilla pit at Jersey Zoo on the first day of a family holiday last month and his parents held their breath as the seven-foot tall eighteen-stone Jambo approached him.The gentle giant bent over and stroked the little boy and adjusted his clothing to keep him warm.Levan was flown to Southampton Hospital with a fractured skull, a panda-sized black eye and a broken arm.His father, Steve, a thirty-four-year-old heating engineer, said, "We want to take him back to the zoo so that he doesn't lose his love for animals."His mother, Pauline, twenty-eight, said, "He has no more nightmares about the gorilla standing over him. He has told the doctors he fell in with the monkeys and he thinks he remembers a bit about it, but does not talk about it."Levan, who has a cat called Kitkins and a hamster called Tommy, said, "I don't remember falling or going to the zoo. The gorilla's name is Jambo, but I am not going to visit him again."And he shook his head when asked if he knew the gorilla had been nice to him.Levan, surrounded by get-well cards and presents, said, "I'm better now, thank you."。