2015专题五:函数与导数在解题中常用的有关结论(需要熟记):考点一:导数几何意义:角度一 求切线方程1.(2014·洛阳统考)已知函数f (x )=3x +cos 2x +sin 2x ,a =f ′⎝⎛⎭⎫π4,f ′(x )是f (x )的导函数,则过曲线y =x 3上一点P (a ,b )的切线方程为( )A .3x -y -2=0B .4x -3y +1=0C .3x -y -2=0或3x -4y +1=0D .3x -y -2=0或4x -3y +1=0解析:选A 由f (x )=3x +cos 2x +sin 2x 得f ′(x )=3-2sin 2x +2cos 2x ,则a =f ′⎝⎛⎭⎫π4=3-2sin π2+2cos π2=1.由y =x 3得y ′=3x 2,过曲线y =x 3上一点P (a ,b )的切线的斜率k =3a 2=3×12=3.又b =a 3,则b =1,所以切点P 的坐标为(1,1),故过曲线y =x 3上的点P 的切线方程为y -1=3(x -1),即3x -y -2=0.角度二 求切点坐标2.(2013·辽宁五校第二次联考)曲线y =3ln x +x +2在点P 0处的切线方程为4x -y -1=0,则点P 0的坐标是( )A .(0,1)B .(1,-1)C .(1,3)D .(1,0)解析:选C 由题意知y ′=3x +1=4,解得x =1,此时4×1-y -1=0,解得y =3,∴点P 0的坐标是(1,3).角度三 求参数的值3.已知f (x )=ln x ,g (x )=12x 2+mx +72(m <0),直线l 与函数f (x ),g (x )的图像都相切,且与f (x )图像的切点为(1,f (1)),则m 等于( )A .-1B .-3C .-4D .-2解析:选D ∵f ′(x )=1x ,∴直线l 的斜率为k =f ′(1)=1, 又f (1)=0,∴切线l 的方程为y =x -1.g ′(x )=x +m ,设直线l 与g (x )的图像的切点为(x 0,y 0), 则有x 0+m =1,y 0=x 0-1,y 0=12x 20+mx 0+72,m <0,于是解得m =-2,故选D.考点二:判断函数单调性,求函数的单调区间。
[典例1]已知函数f (x )=x 2-e x 试判断f (x )的单调性并给予证明. 解:f (x )=x 2-e x ,f (x )在R 上单调递减,f ′(x )=2x -e x ,只要证明f ′(x )≤0恒成立即可. 设g (x )=f ′(x )=2x -e x ,则g ′(x )=2-e x , 当x =ln 2时,g ′(x )=0, 当x ∈(-∞,ln 2)时,g ′(x )>0, 当x ∈(ln 2,+∞)时,g ′(x )<0.∴f ′(x )max =g (x )max =g (ln 2)=2ln 2-2<0, ∴f ′(x )<0恒成立, ∴f (x )在R 上单调递减.[典例2] (2012·北京高考改编)已知函数f (x )=ax 2+1(a >0),g (x )=x 3+bx .(1)若曲线y =f (x )与曲线y =g (x )在它们的交点(1,c )处具有公共切线,求a ,b 的值; (2)当a 2=4b 时,求函数f (x )+g (x )的单调区间. [解] (1)f ′(x )=2ax ,g ′(x )=3x 2+b , 由已知可得⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧f (1)=a +1=c ,g (1)=1+b =c ,2a =3+b ,解得a =b =3.(2)令F (x )=f (x )+g (x )=x 3+ax 2+a 24x +1,F ′(x )=3x 2+2ax +a 24,令F ′(x )=0,得x 1=-a 2,x 2=-a 6,∵a >0,∴x 1<x 2,由F ′(x )>0得,x <-a 2或x >-a6;由F ′(x )<0得,-a 2<x <-a6.∴单调递增区间是⎝⎛⎭⎫-∞,-a 2,⎝⎛⎭⎫-a 6,+∞;单调递减区间为⎝⎛⎭⎫-a 2,-a 6. [针对训练](2013·重庆高考)设f (x ) =a (x -5)2+6ln x ,其中a ∈R ,曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线与y 轴相交于点(0,6). (1)确定a 的值;(2)求函数f (x )的单调区间与极值.解:(1)因为f (x )=a (x -5)2+6ln x ,故f ′(x )=2a (x -5)+6x.令x =1,得f (1)=16a ,f ′(1)=6-8a ,所以曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线方程为y -16a =(6-8a )·(x -1),由点(0,6)在切线上可得6-16a =8a -6,故a =12.(2)由(1)知,f (x )=12(x -5)2+6ln x (x >0),f ′(x )=x -5+6x =(x -2)(x -3)x .令f ′(x )=0,解得x 1=2,x 2=3.当0<x <2或x >3时,f ′(x )>0,故f (x )在(0,2),(3,+∞)上为增函数;当2<x <3时,f ′(x )<0,故f (x )在(2,3)上为减函数.由此可知f (x )在x =2处取得极大值f (2)=92+6ln 2,在x =3处取得极小值f (3)=2+6ln 3.考点三:已知函数的单调性求参数的范围[典例] (2014·山西诊断)已知函数f (x )=ln x -a 2x 2+ax (a ∈R). (1)当a =1时,求函数f (x )的单调区间;(2)若函数f (x )在区间(1,+∞)上是减函数,求实数a 的取值范围. [解] (1)当a =1时,f (x )=ln x -x 2+x ,其定义域是(0,+∞), f ′(x )=1x -2x +1=-2x 2-x -1x,令f ′(x )=0,即-2x 2-x -1x =0,解得x =-12或x =1.∵x >0,∴x =1.当0<x <1时,f ′(x )>0;当x >1时,f ′(x )<0.∴函数f (x )在区间(0,1)上单调递增,在区间(1,+∞)上单调递减. (2)显然函数f (x )=ln x -a 2x 2+ax 的定义域为(0,+∞), ∴f ′(x )=1x -2a 2x +a =-2a 2x 2+ax +1x =-(2ax +1)(ax -1)x .①当a =0时,f ′(x )=1x>0,∴f (x )在区间(1,+∞)上为增函数,不合题意.②当a >0时,f ′(x )≤0(x >0)等价于(2ax +1)·(ax -1)≥0(x >0),即x ≥1a ,此时f (x )的单调递减区间为⎣⎡⎭⎫1a ,+∞. 由⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1a ≤1,a >0,得a ≥1. ③当a <0时,f ′(x )≤0(x >0)等价于(2ax +1)·(ax -1)≥0(x >0),即x ≥-12a,此时f (x )的单调递减区间为⎣⎡⎭⎫-12a ,+∞. 由⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧-12a ≤1,a <0,得a ≤-12.综上,实数a 的取值范围是⎝⎛⎦⎤-∞,-12∪[1,+∞). [针对训练](2014·荆州质检)设函数f (x )=13x 3-a2x 2+bx +c ,曲线y =f (x )在点(0,f (0))处的切线方程为y =1.(1)求b ,c 的值;(2)若a >0,求函数f (x )的单调区间;(3)设函数g (x )=f (x )+2x ,且g (x )在区间(-2,-1)内存在单调递减区间,求实数a 的取值范围. 解:(1)f ′(x )=x 2-ax +b ,由题意得⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ f (0)=1,f ′(0)=0,即⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧c =1,b =0.(2)由(1)得,f ′(x )=x 2-ax =x (x -a )(a >0), 当x ∈(-∞,0)时,f ′(x )>0, 当x ∈(0,a )时,f ′(x )<0, 当x ∈(a ,+∞)时,f ′(x )>0.所以函数f (x )的单调递增区间为(-∞,0),(a ,+∞),单调递减区间为(0,a ). (3)g ′(x )=x 2-ax +2,依题意,存在x ∈(-2,-1),使不等式g ′(x )=x 2-ax +2<0成立, 即x ∈(-2,-1)时,a <⎝⎛⎭⎫x +2x max =-22, 当且仅当“x =2x ”即x =-2时等号成立,所以满足要求的a 的取值范围是(-∞,-22). 考点四:用导数解决函数的极值问题[典例] (2013·福建高考节选)已知函数f (x )=x -1+ae x (a ∈R ,e 为自然对数的底数).(1)若曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线平行于x 轴,求a 的值; (2)求函数f (x )的极值.[解] (1)由f (x )=x -1+a e x ,得f ′(x )=1-ae x .又曲线y =f (x )在点(1,f (1))处的切线平行于x 轴, 得f ′(1)=0,即1-ae =0,解得a =e.(2)f ′(x )=1-aex ,①当a ≤0时,f ′(x )>0,f (x )为(-∞,+∞)上的增函数,所以函数f (x )无极值. ②当a >0时,令f ′(x )=0,得e x =a ,即x =ln a . x ∈(-∞,ln a ),f ′(x )<0;x ∈(ln a ,+∞),f ′(x )>0, 所以f (x )在(-∞,ln a )上单调递减,在(ln a ,+∞)上单调递增, 故f (x )在x =ln a 处取得极小值, 且极小值为f (ln a )=ln a ,无极大值. 综上,当a ≤0时,函数f (x )无极值;当a >0时,f (x )在x =ln a 处取得极小值ln a ,无极大值. [针对训练]设f (x )=2x 3+ax 2+bx +1的导数为f ′(x ),若函数y =f ′(x )的图像关于直线x =-12对称,且f ′(1)=0.(1)求实数a ,b 的值;(2)求函数f (x )的极值.解:(1)因为f (x )=2x 3+ax 2+bx +1, 故f ′(x )=6x 2+2ax +b , 从而f ′(x )=6⎝⎛⎭⎫x +a 62+b -a 26, 即y =f ′(x )关于直线x =-a6对称.从而由题设条件知-a 6=-12,即a =3.又由于f ′(1)=0,即6+2a +b =0, 得b =-12.(2)由(1)知f (x )=2x 3+3x 2-12x +1, 所以f ′(x )=6x 2+6x -12=6(x -1)(x +2), 令f ′(x )=0, 即6(x -1)(x +2)=0, 解得x =-2或x =1,当x ∈(-∞,-2)时,f ′(x )>0, 即f (x )在(-∞,-2)上单调递增; 当x ∈(-2,1)时,f ′(x )<0, 即f (x )在(-2,1)上单调递减; 当x ∈(1,+∞)时,f ′(x )>0, 即f (x )在(1,+∞)上单调递增.从而函数f (x )在x =-2处取得极大值f (-2)=21, 在x =1处取得极小值f (1)=-6. 考点五 运用导数解决函数的最值问题 [典例] 已知函数f (x )=ln x -ax (a ∈R).(1)求函数f (x )的单调区间;(2)当a >0时,求函数f (x )在[1,2]上的最小值. [解] (1)f ′(x )=1x -a (x >0),①当a ≤0时,f ′(x )=1x -a >0,即函数f (x )的单调增区间为(0,+∞). ②当a >0时,令f ′(x )=1x -a =0,可得x =1a ,当0<x <1a 时,f ′(x )=1-ax x >0;当x >1a 时,f ′(x )=1-ax x <0,故函数f (x )的单调递增区间为⎝⎛⎦⎤0,1a ,单调递减区间为⎝⎛⎭⎫1a ,+∞. (2)①当1a ≤1,即a ≥1时,函数f (x )在区间[1,2]上是减函数,∴f (x )的最小值是f (2)=ln 2-2a .②当1a ≥2,即0<a ≤12时,函数f (x )在区间[1,2]上是增函数,∴f (x )的最小值是f (1)=-a .③当1<1a <2,即12<a <1时,函数f (x )在⎣⎡⎦⎤1,1a 上是增函数,在⎝⎛⎦⎤1a ,2上是减函数.又f (2)-f (1)=ln 2-a ,∴当12<a <ln 2时,最小值是f (1)=-a ; 当ln 2≤a <1时,最小值为f (2)=ln 2-2a . 综上可知,当0<a <ln 2时,函数f (x )的最小值是-a ; 当a ≥ln 2时,函数f (x )的最小值是ln 2-2a . [针对训练]设函数f (x )=a ln x -bx 2(x >0),若函数f (x )在x =1处与直线y =-12相切,(1)求实数a ,b 的值;(2)求函数f (x )在⎣⎡⎦⎤1e ,e 上的最大值. 解:(1)f ′(x )=ax-2bx ,∵函数f (x )在x =1处与直线y =-12相切,∴⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ f ′(1)=a -2b =0,f (1)=-b =-12,解得⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧a =1,b =12. (2)f (x )=ln x -12x 2,f ′(x )=1x -x =1-x 2x ,∵当1e ≤x ≤e 时,令f ′(x )>0得1e≤x <1;令f ′(x )<0,得1<x ≤e ,∴f (x )在⎣⎡⎦⎤1e ,1上单调递增,在[1,e]上单调递减,∴f (x )max =f (1)=-12. 考点六:用导数解决函数极值、最值问题[典例] (2013·北京丰台高三期末)已知函数f (x )=ax 2+bx +ce x (a >0)的导函数y =f ′(x )的两个零点为-3和0.(1)求f (x )的单调区间;(2)若f (x )的极小值为-e 3,求f (x )在区间[-5,+∞)上的最大值. [解] (1)f ′(x )=(2ax +b )e x -(ax 2+bx +c )e x(e x )2=-ax 2+(2a -b )x +b -c e x,令g (x )=-ax 2+(2a -b )x +b -c ,因为e x >0,所以y =f ′(x )的零点就是g (x )=-ax 2+(2a -b )x +b -c 的零点,且f ′(x )与g (x )符号相同. 又因为a >0,所以-3<x <0时,g (x )>0,即f ′(x )>0,当x <-3或x >0时,g (x )<0,即f ′(x )<0,所以f (x )的单调增区间是(-3,0),单调减区间是(-∞,-3),(0,+∞).(2)由(1)知,x =-3是f (x )的极小值点,所以有 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧9a -3b +c e -3=-e 3,g (0)=b -c =0,g (-3)=-9a -3(2a -b )+b -c =0,解得a =1,b =5,c =5, 所以f (x )=x 2+5x +5e x.因为f (x )的单调增区间是(-3,0),单调减区间是(-∞,-3),(0,+∞), 所以f (0)=5为函数f (x )的极大值,故f (x )在区间[-5,+∞)上的最大值取f (-5)和f (0)中的最大者.而f (-5)=5e -5=5e 5>5=f (0),所以函数f (x )在区间[-5,+∞)上的最大值是5e 5. [针对训练]已知函数f (x )=x 3+ax 2+bx +c ,曲线y =f (x )在点x =1处的切线为l :3x -y +1=0,若x =23时,y =f (x )有极值.(1)求a ,b ,c 的值;(2)求y =f (x )在[-3,1]上的最大值和最小值.解:(1)由f (x )=x 3+ax 2+bx +c ,得f ′(x )=3x 2+2ax +b .当x =1时,切线l 的斜率为3,可得2a +b =0,① 当x =23时,y =f (x )有极值,则f ′⎝⎛⎭⎫23=0,可得4a +3b +4=0,② 由①②,解得a =2,b =-4.由于切点的横坐标为1, 所以f (1)=4.所以1+a +b +c =4.所以c =5.(2)由(1),可得f (x )=x 3+2x 2-4x +5,f ′(x )=3x 2+4x -4.令f ′(x )=0,解之,得x 1=-2,x 2=23.当x 变化时,f ′(x ),f (x )的取值及变化情况如下表所示:所以y =f (x )在[-3,1]上的最大值为13,最小值为9527.考点七:利用导数研究恒成立问题及参数求解[典例] (2013·全国卷Ⅰ)设函数f (x )=x 2+ax +b ,g (x )=e x (cx +d ).若曲线y =f (x )和曲线y =g (x )都过点P (0,2),且在点P 处有相同的切线y =4x +2.(1)求a ,b ,c ,d 的值;(2)若x ≥-2时,f (x )≤kg (x ),求k 的取值范围. [解] (1)由已知得f (0)=2,g (0)=2, f ′(0)=4,g ′(0)=4.而f ′(x )=2x +a ,g ′(x )=e x (cx +d +c ),故b =2,d =2,a =4,d +c =4. 从而a =4,b =2,c =2,d =2.(2)由(1)知,f (x )=x 2+4x +2,g (x )=2e x (x +1). 设函数F (x )=kg (x )-f (x )=2k e x (x +1)-x 2-4x -2, 则F ′(x )=2k e x (x +2)-2x -4=2(x +2)(k e x -1). 由题设可得F (0)≥0,即k ≥1. 令F ′(x )=0得x 1=-ln k ,x 2=-2.(ⅰ)若1≤k <e 2,则-2<x 1≤0.从而当x ∈(-2,x 1)时,F ′(x )<0;当x ∈(x 1,+∞)时,F ′(x )>0,即F (x )在(-2,x 1)上单调递减,在(x 1,+∞)上单调递增,故F (x )在[-2,+∞)上的最小值为F (x 1).而F (x 1)=2x 1+2-x 21-4x 1-2=-x 1(x 1+2)≥0. 故当x ≥-2时,F (x )≥0,即f (x )≤kg (x )恒成立.(ⅱ)若k =e 2,则F ′(x )=2e 2(x +2)(e x -e -2).从而当x >-2时,F ′(x )>0,即F (x )在(-2,+∞)上单调递增,而F (-2)=0,故当x ≥-2时,F (x )≥0,即f (x )≤kg (x )恒成立.(ⅲ)若k >e 2,则F (-2)=-2k e -2+2=-2e -2·(k -e 2)<0.从而当x ≥-2时,f (x )≤kg (x )不可能恒成立. 综上,k 的取值范围是[1,e 2]. [针对训练]设函数f (x )=12x 2+e x -x e x .(1)求f (x )的单调区间;(2)若当x ∈[-2,2]时,不等式f (x )>m 恒成立,求实数m 的取值范围. 解:(1)函数f (x )的定义域为(-∞,+∞), ∵f ′(x )=x +e x -(e x +x e x )=x (1-e x ), 若x =0,则f ′(x )=0;若x <0,则1-e x >0,所以f ′(x )<0; 若x >0,则1-e x <0,所以f ′(x )<0. ∴f (x )在(-∞,+∞)上为减函数, 即f (x )的单调减区间为(-∞,+∞).(2)由(1)知,f (x )在[-2,2]上单调递减. 故[f (x )]min =f (2)=2-e 2,∴m <2-e 2时,不等式f (x )>m 恒成立. 故m 的取值范围为(-∞,2-e 2). 考点八、利用导数证明不等式问题[典例] (2013·河南省三市调研)已知函数f (x )=ax -e x (a >0). (1)若a =12,求函数f (x )的单调区间;(2)当1≤a ≤1+e 时,求证:f (x )≤x . [解] (1)当a =12时,f (x )=12x -e x .f ′(x )=12-e x ,令f ′(x )=0,得x =-ln 2.当x <-ln 2时,f ′(x )>0; 当x >-ln 2时,f ′(x )<0,∴函数f (x )的单调递增区间为(-∞,-ln 2),单调递减区间为(-ln 2,+∞). (2)证明:法一:令F (x )=x -f (x )=e x -(a -1)x , (ⅰ)当a =1时,F (x )=e x >0, ∴f (x )≤x 成立.(ⅱ)当1<a ≤1+e 时,F ′(x )=e x -(a -1)=e x -e ln(a -1),∴当x <ln(a -1)时,F ′(x )<0; 当x >ln(a -1)时,F ′(x )>0,∴F (x )在(-∞,ln (a -1))上单调递减,在(ln(a -1),+∞)上单调递增. ∴F (x )≥F (ln(a -1))=e ln(a -1)-(a -1)·ln(a -1)=(a -1)[1-ln(a -1)],∵1<a ≤1+e ,∴a -1>0,1-ln(a -1)≥1-ln [(1+e)-1]=0, ∴F (x )≥0,即f (x )≤x 成立. 综上,当1≤a ≤1+e 时,有f (x )≤x . 法二:令g (a )=x -f (x )=-xa +x +e x ,只要证明g (a )≥0在1≤a ≤1+e 时恒成立即可. g (1)=-x +x +e x =e x >0,①g (1+e)=-x ·(1+e)+x +e x =e x -e x , 设h (x )=e x -e x ,则h ′(x )=e x -e , 当x <1时,h ′(x )<0;当x >1时,h ′(x )>0,∴h (x )在(-∞,1)上单调递减,在(1,+∞)上单调递增, ∴h (x )≥h (1)=e 1-e·1=0, 即g (1+e)≥0.②由①②知,g (a )≥0在1≤a ≤1+e 时恒成立.∴当1≤a ≤1+e 时,有f (x )≤x .[针对训练](2014·东北三校联考)已知函数f (x )=12x 2-13ax 3(a >0),函数g (x )=f (x )+e x (x -1),函数g (x )的导函数为g ′(x ). (1)求函数f (x )的极值;(2)若a =e ,(ⅰ)求函数g (x )的单调区间;(ⅱ)求证:x >0时,不等式g ′(x )≥1+ln x 恒成立.解:(1)f ′(x )=x -ax 2=-ax ⎝⎛⎭⎫x -1a , ∴当f ′(x )=0时,x =0或x =1a,又a >0, ∴当x ∈(-∞,0)时,f ′(x )<0;当x ∈⎝⎛⎭⎫0,1a 时, f ′(x )>0;当x ∈⎝⎛⎭⎫1a ,+∞时,f ′(x )<0, ∴f (x )的极小值为f (0)=0,f (x )的极大值为f ⎝⎛⎭⎫1a =16a 2.(2)∵a =e ,∴g (x )=12x 2-13e x 3+e x (x -1), g ′(x )=x (e x -e x +1).(ⅰ)记h (x )=e x -e x +1,则h ′(x )=e x -e ,当x ∈(-∞,1)时,h ′(x )<0,h (x )是减函数;x ∈(1,+∞)时,h ′(x )>0,h (x )是增函数,∴h (x )≥h (1)=1>0,则在(0,+∞)上,g ′(x )>0;在(-∞,0)上,g ′(x )<0,∴函数g (x )的单调递增区间是(0,+∞),单调递减区间是(-∞,0).(ⅱ)证明:x >0时,g ′(x )=x (e x -e x +1)≥1+ln x ⇔e x -e x +1≥1+ln x x, 由(ⅰ)知,h (x )=e x -e x +1≥1,记φ(x )=1+ln x -x (x >0),则φ′(x )=1-x x, 在区间(0,1)上,φ′(x )>0,φ(x )是增函数;在区间(1,+∞)上,φ′(x )<0,φ(x )是减函数,∴φ(x )≤φ(1)=0,即1+ln x -x ≤0,1+ln x x≤1, ∴e x -e x +1≥1≥1+ln x x,即g ′(x )≥1+ln x 恒成立.。