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管理学理论综述

管理学方法论的最新发展趋势综述摘要:自从人群出现便有了管理活动,管理思想也便随之诞生。

管理思想方面的论述在东西方都有许多记载。

进入21世纪以来,随着经济化全球进程的不断推进和信息技术的飞速发展, 也在不断催生着新的管理学方法论。

管理实践活动的发展呈现出一些新的特点, 管理学方法论研究也相应出现新的发展趋势。

目前国外管理理论的研究已较为成熟, 然而我国关于管理学方法论的研究只有十几年的时间, 发展状况也与国外有显著差别[1]。

本文对国内外管理学方法论的最新研究及发展趋势进行论述,并得出启示性结论。

关键词:管理;管理方法论;管理学最新研究;发展趋势从古至今,管理都是一项十分重要的手段。

管理对其他所有资源起到综合运筹作用,管理是否能够高效进行直接决定着一个组织的成败,一个组织的高效管理往往能使组织有量变到质变的飞跃,可见管理在组织中具有至高无上的地位。

在东西方都可以找到古代哲人在管理思想方面的精彩论述。

我国五千年的历史文化积累了源远流长的管理实践和管理思想,然而我国真正把管理学作为一门科学是从20世纪70年代末才开始的,所以我国应努力加快推进我国管理科学化进程, 建立形成中国特色的管理理论和方法仍有许多路要走,现对东西方管理学方法论进行评述。

一、西方管理学方法论的研究现状评述管理学作为研究组织中管理活动的科学, 其研究的目的就是如何合理配置、高效利用组织所拥有的资源, 以更好地完成组织的目标。

人类的管理活动历史悠久, 在管理学形成之后,管理理论先后经历了 3 次比较大的变革, 形成了 3 个重要的历史阶段[2]。

(一)第一阶段为管理理论的形成阶段。

这一阶段是建立在“物本主义”基础上的古典管理理论, 侧重于从管理职能、组织方式等方面研究企业的效率问题,对人的心理因素考虑很少。

以泰勒、法约尔和韦伯等人韦代表的古典管理阶段,其核心内容是科学管理、古典组织理论等,古典管理理论侧重于‘物"管理,研究方法以工业工程方法为基础,泰勒及其追随者鲜明的体现出这个特点。

20世纪30年代到50年代是以梅奥韦代表的人际关系学说及随后发展的行为科学理论阶段,研究的重心转向‘伙”,研究方法上(二)第二阶段是现代管理理论阶段。

这一阶段又划分为两个阶段, 行为科学学派阶段和管理理论丛林阶段。

行为科学学派阶段主要研究个体行为、团体行为与组织行为, 重视研究人的心理、行为等的影响作用。

随着20 世纪40- 80 年代现代系统论、信息论、控制论、数学、统计学、经济学等研究方法出现, 极大地丰富了管理科学研究。

这一时期出现了系统管理学派、决策学派、管理科学学派、社会系统学派等多个流派, 各类流派百家争鸣。

(三)第三阶段为后现代管理理论阶段。

后现代管理思潮源于20 世纪80 年代的美国。

目前, 后现代管理主要侧重于研究战略管理、组织结构、组织的变革与发展、知识管理、绿色管理、企业的国际化战略与跨文化管理等。

后现代管理学说更加注重人性化管理, 是高层次科学管理和人性化管理的有机结合,更加体现以人为本这一内涵。

二、我国管理学方法论最新发展趋势评述我国有着源远流长的管理实践和管理思想,但作为一门学科,管理学在我国的发展是从20世纪70年代末才开始的。

改革开放以来,随着市场化改革进程的推进,我国管理理论科学化进程取得了巨大发展。

为适应我国经济社会高速发展和管理实践的需要,我国近年来管理研究呈现出以下几种发展趋势[3]。

(一)管理研究将愈加突出以人为本的主题。

在管理思想的研究上,西方管理理论呈现出向东方探源回归的趋势,见物不见人的传统西方管理理念遇到严峻挑战。

人们认识到人性得到充分尊重、个人自主性得到充分发挥,即人人都是管理者的模式,与传统的东方以人为本的管理思想有着不谋而合之处。

应当把对人的理性管理同感性管理有机结合起来,把企业中正式组织以及员工间非正式组织的作用结合起来进行管理。

(二)新的管理学分支的发展更为迅速。

在电子信息时代,对信息共享体系的建设与管理、知识资本的管理、新型组织结构的管理的研究日趋透彻并形成了一些新兴管理学分支。

此外,还有对企业寿命周期、企业成长方向及成长速度等问题进行系统研究而形成的企业的成长管理;将机会作为一种稀缺资源,探讨如何认识机会、寻找机会、利用机会,结合风险管理,为企业决策服务的寻机管理;对由于企业环境不确定性而导致危机方面的管理等,均从不同视角、不同层面,对企业的整体管理活动进行总结、研究[4]。

(三)管理学发展的哲学化、伦理化、规范化趋势。

管理学的哲学化趋势表现在从哲学的高度,对管理进行了最高层次的考察与解释,将管理与哲学沟通起来;管理学的果;管理学的规范化趋势表现在现代企业更加注重法律理念的塑造与培养,通过规范化管理,树立契约精神、诚信意识和社会责任,保障企业生存和发展的持续稳定和安全。

三、管理理论的创新对经济社会发展的启示性结论:(一)近几年来我国不断加快的工业化进程为企业管理实践与管理科学研究带来了新的机遇和挑战。

世界各国经济社会发展的进程表明,在实现工业化的过程中,尤其是在工业化中后期阶段,工业化的推进更多的是取决于管理创新和科学化的程度,不能只依赖于技术创新和技术进步[5]。

自从21世纪以来,我国经济持续的高增长在全世界倍受瞩目,中国模式、中国经验越发被国外关注。

因此加强我国管理科学化、提升我国各部门的管理科学研究水平有着至关重要的作用。

近年来,在我国存在一种自由追捧“新经济”的现象,有些人认为我国的传统产业已经毫无希望,应该把资源集中于“新经济”,集中于信息产业,跳过漫长的工业化阶段,这是一种片面的认识。

诚然,在发达国家高科技创新浪潮的推动下,全球正在展开一轮长期的、由机器经济转变为信息经济、工业经济转变为服务经济的产业变革。

但是,应该清醒的认识到,即使在发达国家仍有一批传统产业在蓬勃发展,并与新兴产业相互渗透、相得益彰。

从大趋势看,“新经济”只有与“旧经济”融合才有坚实的基础和广阔的前景,在传统经济结构的困境中寻求突破,确实需要进行结构调整,但同时应该做到“有秩序的撤退”,注意利用信息技术,改造和提升国民经济不可或缺的那些传统产业的结构和素质,而不能顾此失彼,简单抛弃传统产业。

(二)我国管理学的发展趋势应该紧随世界管理学的发展方向。

这就要求我们一方面要把握国际管理学最新研究成果和发展趋势,促进国外先进管理理论的中国化;另一方面要取其精华,去其糟粕,把握我国管理科学化进程的规律,对我国企业管理实践和创新进行科学总结与积极探索,构建符合国情的管理科学理论体系和方法论,为我国管理理论研究与世界接轨创造条件[6]。

我们不能只靠照搬国外管理理论,而是应在参考西方先进管理理论的基础之上,立足本国实际,构建适合国内管理实践需要的管理理论,从而更好地指导管理实践。

参考文献:[1]陈黎琴、赵恒海.管理学理论发展及其研究方法综述[J].兰州学刊, 2009, (3).76[2]郭咸纲.西方管理思想史[M].第4版.北京:世界图书出版公司,2010:242-243[3]刘海建.透视当代中国管理学研究方法论的前沿[J].科技进步与对策, 2006, (2).58-59[4]王芳华.知识管理论[M].太原:山西出版社,2008:136-137[5]郭菊娥,席酉民.我国管理科学的研究回顾和发展展望[J].管理工程学报2008,(3).77[6]张兆通. 国内外管理理论的最新发展趋势及启示[J].经济视角2008, (7).Abstract: Management thought arises along with the emergence of crowds. A number of discussions about management thought are documented in both east and west.Since the 21st century, with the advancement of economic global process and the rapid development of information technology, new methology of management has been brought up. The development of management practice shows some new features,correspondingly research on methology of management presents new trends.Recently research in western countries has been relatively mature, while the status of that in China is significantly lower within the devlopment of only a dozen years. In this paper, the latest research and trend at home and abroad are reviewed and revelatory conclusions are drawn.Key words:management;methology of management;the latest research and trend on managementManagement is an important means in all ages. Management ,which functions as a comprehensive operation to all the resources given ,can directly determine the success or failure of an organization.The high performance of management in an orgnization often leads to a great leap from quantitative change to qualitative change.Many brilliant arguments around the topic of management from wise acient philosophers can be found both in the orient and the occident. Five thousand years of historic culture in China holds a lot of precious and long-standing management practice and thought , however, management as a science begins from the late 1970s.So,there is still a long way to go to accelerate the process of scientific management in China and to establish management theroies and methods with Chinese characteristics. The methology of management in both east and west is reviewed below.1. The review of research status of western management methodologyManagement ,as a science of research of management activities in organization, aims to provide reasonable configuration and efficient utilization of resources given in order to better fulfill the goals in the organization.Since the management practice stands for a long time, management theory has experienced three great revolutions after its formation , whichStage 1:Formation of management theory .The classical management theory based on objectivism is set up during the stage. Classical management theory,represented by Taylor,in which the core content lies in scientific management and classical organization theory,focuses on the management of object.Stage 2: mordern management theory. The stage consist of two parts:stage of behavior science and stage of jungles of management theory. The study of management science is greatly enriched by the appearance of modern system theory, information theory, cybernetics, mathematics, statistics, research methods and economics .Several schools of thought on management theroies gradually prevail at this time.Stage 3. Postmodern management theory. Postmodern management thought is originated from America in the1980s. Nowadays, Postmodern management mainly focuses on the research of strategic management, structure of organization, organization change and development, knowledge management, green management, strategy of enterprise internationalization , and cross-cultural management. Postmodern management pays more attention to humanistic management and reflectsthe implication of human-oriented.2.The review of new trends of development of management methology in ChinaFive milleniums of historic culture in China holds a lot of precious and long-standing management practice and thought , however, management as a science begins from the late 1970s.Since China's reform and opening up, with the advancement of market-based reform, great development has been achieved in the process of scientization of management theory. In order to adapt to economic and social development in china and to meet the need of management practice, management research in China presents the following trends in recent years.(1) Management research will increasingly highlights the theme of people-oriented. the western management theory shows regression to the eastern mode ,and traditional western management idea meets severe challenges. People realize that the mode that everyone is a manager conforms to the traditional eastern people-oriented management thought. Human ratonal management and emotional management should be combined organically ,function of formal organization in the enterprise and that of informal organization between employees(2) New branches of management develop rapider. In the electronic information age,research on the construction and management of information-sharing system and the management of the new organization structure research have become increasingly clear and some emerging branches of management are formed. In addition, other types of management such as risk management and opportunity-seeking managementhave studied and reviewed overall management activities of enterprises in all levels.(3) The development of management shows the trend of philosophization, ethicization and standardization. The philosophization of management lies in the investigation and explaination to management from the highest level in philosophical way,which makes a connection between management and philosophy.The ethicization of management signifies a combination of management idea and ethic by which a better effect of management can be obtained.The standardization of management is shown by attaching more importance to the cultivation and education of law and securing the existence of enterprises by standardized management.3.The revelatory conclusions of management innovations on the development of economic society(1) In recent years , increasingly accelerating industrialization in China has brought new opportunities and challenges to management practice and research in enterprises. The development of economic society in other countries shows that the promotion of industrialization depends more on the level of management innovation and scientifiation rather than the technological creation and progress in the process of industrialization,particularly in the middle and later peroid. Since the 21st century, sustained economic growth in China has drawn a worldwide attention. with the Chinese patterns highly concerned abroad. It is of great importance to enhance the domestic scientifiation of management and to lift the level of management science in all ministries.(2) the development of management in China should follow the trend in the world,which, on the one hand , requires us to grasp the latest international research results and development trends of management promoting the sinicization of foreign advanced management theory,on the other hand, ask us to master the rule of the process of domestic scientific management,build the methology of management that confirms to natianal conditions andshould build management theories that meet the need of management practice in our country in reference of examples overseas instead of copying those in developed countries,which can better guide the management practice in China.。

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