Dr. Kaplan: Editor-in-Chief of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 卡普兰 : 《应用语言学评论年刊》主编
Major Differences 主要差异
Western Mode 西方思维模式
Chinese Mode 中国思维模式
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Analytical 分析 Holistic 整体
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Logical 逻辑 Intuitive 直觉
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Abstract 抽象 Imaginal 形象
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Cognitive 认知 Ethical 伦理
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Accurate 精确 Fuzzy 模糊
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Objective 对象 Intentional 意向
Mode of thinking 思维模式
The mode of thinking is closely related to the worldview. It is the concentrated embodiment of all cultural and psychological properties and is shaped in a certain historical, social and geographical environment.
(88.5%, May 27, 2011) Six tigers frolicking Tigers playing around Tigers skipping about Gamboling tigers Tigers fighting Tigers attacking each other Tigers hunting for food
Western Mode
Analytical Logical 分析性 逻辑性
Imaginal Ethical
Fuzzy Intentional
形象性 伦理型
模糊性 意向性
Abstract Cognitive
Accurate Objective
抽象性 认知型
精确性 对象性
Convergent 求同性 Past-focused 后馈性 Inward 内向性 Inductive 归纳型
W-C Difference in Mode of thinking 中西思维模式差异
Linear analysis and circular synthesis 线析环综
The 西方模式如同直线切划，细分 western mode is linear, inclined to dissect things into parts and analyze their 明析，注重抽象推理 ，以分析性 relationships, stressing abstract reasoning 思维为其主要特点。 and characterized mainly by its analytical nature. The中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观 Chinese mode is circular, and tends 合察，寻求直觉顿悟 ，以综合性 to synthesize parts and examine the whole and emphasize the acquisition of intuitive insight 思维为其主要特点。 with holistic thinking as its main feature.
Hale Waihona Puke Holistic 整体Holistic thinking involves an orientation to the context or field as a whole, including attention to relationships between a focal object and the field, and a preference for explaining and predicting events on the basis of such relationships. Nisbett （2001） 整体思维倾向于把情境或场看 作是一个整体，注重某一突出的物 体及其场的关系，并凭借这种关系 来解释和预见事物的情状。
思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素 质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形 成。 Conversely, a person’s established mode of thinking conditions and even determines his/her formation of judgment and pattern of behavior in a certain situation. 反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他 /她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。
How Is
The Mode of Thinking Formed?
Mode of thinking 思维模式
Human thinking mainly consists of such elements as knowledge, ideology, methodology, intelligence, emotion, willpower, language and habits. The inter-relationship and interaction of these elements form a dynamic complex system known as the mode of thinking. 人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、 意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联 系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系 统。
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Analytical 分析 Holistic 整体
Nisbett’s Test
Richard E. Nisbett
What have you seen in the picture below?
What have you seen in the picture ?
Most American Students:
Analytical thinking involves detachment of the object from its context, a tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to categories, and a preference for using rules about the categories to explain and predict the object‟s behavior. 分析思维倾向于把物体从其情 境中分离出来，关注该物体性质以 便于归类，并注重运用归类的规则 来解释和预见事物的情状。
Fuzzy Intentional
形象性 伦理型
模糊性 意向性
Abstract Cognitive
Accurate Objective
抽象性 认知型
精确性 对象性
Convergent 求同性 Past-focused 后馈性 Inward 内向性 Inductive 归纳型
Divergent 求异性 Future-focused 前瞻性 Outward 外向性 Deductive 演绎型
Holistic 整体
Chinese, by contrast, tend to be holistic. They look at the whole picture and rely on contextual information when making decisions and judgments about what they see.
Analytical 分析
Westerners tend to be analytical and pay more attention to the key, or focal objects in a scene — for example, concentration on the woman in the “Mona Lisa”, as opposed to the rocks and sky behind her.
Most Chinese Students:
(90.2%, April 17, 2011) Six tigers, Mountains, rocks Waterfalls, A stream, Pines and other trees Grass Autograph and seal
Analytical 分析
Eight Trigrams 八卦图
Western Mode
Analytical, abstract, logical 分析性、抽象性、逻辑性 Concept, judgment, inference 概念、判断、推理
Chinese Mode
Holistic, imaginal, intuitive 整体性、形象性、直觉性 Intuition, insight, imagination 直觉、顿悟、想象
中 西 文 化 比 较
Contrast between Western and Chinese Cultures
Difference in Mode of Thinking Mode of Thinking
zuobiao212@ zuobiao212@
思维模式差异 思维模式差异 Difference in
《周易》：一阴一阳之谓道。
Tao consists in Yin and Yang.
The Book of Changes (600 BC)
‘大人’者与天地合其德， 与日月合其明，与四时合其序， 与鬼神合吉凶。