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（三）粪便 (Three) Stool



挑取脓、血或粘液部分于清洁容器中送检； Pick pus, blood or mucus from stoll into clean containers for examination; 排便困难者或婴儿采用直肠拭子采集，置于有保存液的试管内送检； Apply rectal swab for infants or difficult defecation, place it with preservation solution in the test tube for examination; 怀疑霍乱弧菌感染引起的腹泻，将标本置于碱性蛋白胨水或卡-布 （Cary-Blair）运送培养液送检； Suspected infections caused by Vibrio cholerae, the specimens were placed in alkaline peptone water or card cloth (Cary-Blair) transport medium for examination; 传染性腹泻应连续送检3次。 Continuous examination 3 times for infectious diarrhea.
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二、标本的实验室质量评估标准 Two. Standard of laboratory quality assessment of specimens
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检验申请单的基本内容 The basic content of an application for examination


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（六）眼、耳部标本 (Six) Eye, ear specimens

拭子采样 Swab samples
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（七）泌尿生殖道标本 (Seven) Urogenital specimens


男性：无菌采集尿道口分泌物或前列腺液； Male: urethra or prostatic fluid secretions with sterile collection; 女性：无菌采集阴道或宫颈分泌物。 Female: vaginal or cervical secretions collected aseptically.
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标本接收和拒收准则 Reception and rejection criteria for specimens


1 The information on the label does not exist or not match the information on the requisition; 2 Delay in delivery of the specimens; 3 The specimen is leaking; 4 The specimen has been transported at the improper temperature or in improper medium.
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（八）创伤、组织和脓肿标本 (Eight) Trauma, organization, and abscess specimens




对损伤范围较大的创伤，从不同部位采集多份标本； On a wider range of trauma injuries, specimens collected from many different parts; 采集部位应首先清除污物、消毒皮肤； Firstly remove dirt, disinfect the skin around collection site; 标本较少则需加入无菌生理盐水以防干燥； Fewer samples must be added to sterile saline to prevent drying; 开放性脓肿及脓性分泌物：用无菌棉纤采取脓液或病灶深部分泌物； Open abscess and purulent secretions: collect deep discharge pus or lesions with sterile cotton fibers; 封闭性脓肿用注射器抽取； Collect specimen in closed abscess with a syringe; 怀疑厌氧菌感染，应隔绝空气采集。 Suspected anaerobic infections, collection should be isolated from air. 15
（九）血清 (Nine) Serum

用于检测特异性抗体； For the detection of specific antibodies; 血液自然凝固后吸取血清，灭活补体。 Draw serum after natural coagulation of blood, then inactivate complement.
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基本程序 Basic Procedures




正确采集和运送标本； Correct collection and transportation of specimens 初步诊断：直接镜检，免疫学和分子生物学检测； Initial diagnosis: direct microscopy, immunology and molecular biology examination; 确定诊断：病原体的分离、鉴定及药敏实验，报告结 果； Determined diagnosis: pathogen isolation, identification and sensitivity test, reporting results; 合理用药 Appropriate drug use
验室评价 和检查方法
Transportation and collection of specimen, laboratory evaluation and examination methods
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一、标本采集和运送
One. Collection and transportation of Specimen
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5 Contaminated samples; 6 The quantity of specimen is insufficient for testing; 7 Duplicate submission of specimens (except blood cultures); 8 The transportation of specimens of severe infectious diseases should comply with the relevant rules.
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（四）呼吸道标本 (Four) Respiratory specimens



类型：鼻咽拭子，痰和经气 管采集的标本； Types: nasopharyngeal swab, sputum, and specimens collected through tracheal 上呼吸道存在正常菌群，在 采集标本与结果分析时应予 考虑。 There is normal flora in upper respiratory tract, the specimens collection and results analysis should be considered.
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（二）尿液 (Two) Urine



无菌采集中段尿； Sterile collection of midportion urine; 如考虑厌氧菌感染，采取膀 胱穿刺法采集标本，无菌厌 氧小瓶运送； If consideration of anaerobic infections, apply bladder puncture to collect specimens, transport them with sterile anaerobic vial; 排尿困难者考虑导尿采集标 本。 Apply catheterization to collect specimens for dysuria patients.
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基本原则 Basic principles




根据病史与临床表现确定标本采集的时间、部位、种类和数量，尽量 采集病变明显部位标本； According to history and clinical manifestations to determine the collection time, location, type and quantity of specimens, collect specimens at significant parts of lesions; 无菌操作，防止污染； Use aseptic technique to prevent contamination; 采取适宜的方式进行储存，尽快送检； Appropriate way to store, as soon as possible for examination; 要视所有标本为传染品，高度危险性的标本要有明显标识，急症或危 重患者标本要特别注明。 To view all the specimens for infectious, high risk specimens should be clearly marked, acute or critically ill patient specimens should be specified.
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（五）脑脊液与其他无菌体液 (Five) Cerebrospinal fluid and other sterile body fluids