非谓语动词和从句1.非谓语动词谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。

Time flies.She doesn’t like the idea.You shouldn’t look down upon this kind of work.非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。

它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not 直接放在非谓语动词之前。

1.1动词不定式肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式否定形式：not/never to do1.1.1不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。

I’ve come to seek your advice.What you said made me think.大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。

1.1.2动词不定式的用法：主语（it作形式主语）：To cheat in exams is punishable.注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。

It is punishable to cheat in exams.宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days.介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home.宾补：I want him to be my assistant.I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker.定语：Do you have anything to say?状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因）We started early to avoid being late. (目的)He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果)You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。

To be honest, I don’t like him.常见短语如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率说，老实说；To cut/ make a long story short, to sum up, to be briefGlad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to sayTo begin/ start with1.1.3 不定式短语疑问词+动词不定式：where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do.作用：主语：how to stop pollution is a big problem.宾语：I really don’t know what to say before you.表语：the question is how to handle this dilemma.For+名、代词+动词不定式：这里，借助for引导出不定式的逻辑主语。

Here are some books for you to read on the way.It’s not right for people to marry for money.This is the way for us to follow.It is adj of sb to do sh.只用当做表语的形容词修饰人时，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性质，我们采用of引导。

It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help me so much.1.1.3动词不定式to 的省略感官动词(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役动词(make, let, have)，半省略词help. 但在被动语态中，省略的to应该补充完整。

I heard him speak in the next room.He was heard to speak in the next room.常用结构：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothingbut=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not?当主语成分中含有动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to.All you need to do is press the button.1.1.4动词不定式的时态和语态She left the city, never to be seen again.The book is said to have been translated into many languages.1.1.5不定式的主动语态表示被动意思(动宾关系)I have no chair to sit on.A black tie was the proper thing to wear.1.2 动名词否定形式：直接在前面加not.1.2.1 用法：主语：my sister’s being ill makes me worried.宾语：we are looking forward to hearing from you.表语：Her job is washing clothes.同位语：This is my recreation, reading novels.定语：a walking stick, a sleeping car.My father doesn’t like being invited to make a speech.I don’t mind having been written like that.1.2.3 在下列词中，主动形式的动名词表示被动意义：want, need, require, deserve, be worth.His car needs repairing.He deserves hanging.1.2.4 包含动名词的习惯用语There is no doing…Feel like doing…On/ upon doing…No doing!What do you say to doingIt is no use/ there is no use doing…Can’t help/ resist/ avoid/ keep from doing …Far from doing, 若是形容词，可以直接用.Have difficulty in doing…1.3分词1.3.1 现在分词1.3.2 用法：定语：a gentleman standing over there表语：the book is quite interesting. (多表示主语的特征)宾补：I found him lying on the bed.状语：hearing the news, they all danced for joy(表时间).备注：现在分词作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语应该一致。

1.3.3 独立结构，当现在分词有了自己的逻辑主语。

The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.1.3.4 句子状语, 修饰整个句子，说明说话人的看法,也叫独立成分。

Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.Judging by his words, I think she is fit for the post.1.3.5 过去分词done,否定形式直接在其前面加not。

用法：表语：I am awfully worried.定语：give a satisfied smile宾补：keep your mouth shut and eyes open.状语：seen from the mountain, the city is magnificent.2．区别：过去分词和现在分词：语态上： a moving film, a moved audience.时间上：the changing world, the changed world.动名词和现在分词：作定语时，现分体现了逻辑主语与动词的主动关系，动名体现了被修饰词的性质和用途：A sleeping car/ a sleep child.动名词和不定式：不定式强调尚未发生，动名词暗示已经存在：My father is a millionaire, but having a lot of money does not solve all the problems.To have a lot of money is my father’s dream.不定式表示具体、特定的情况，动名词表示一般、普遍情况；I prefer walking to driving.I prefer to walk tonight, for I have had too much.跟动名词与不定式时，意义有差别的情况：Remember, forget, regret, try, go on, stop, mean.3 with/ without +复合宾语：With the boy to lead the way, we’ll find the cave easily. (条件)Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.The boy was crying with the toy broken.2.从句句子分为简单句（只有一个主谓结构）、并列句（两个或多个互不依存的主谓结构）和复合句（一个或多个成分由从句来担任）。

从句，某些成分由类似句子的主谓结构来担任。

随着从句在句子中的作用，可以分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。