高三英语语法讲义——非谓语动词1．定义: 即非限定性动词，在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分。
2．有三种形式：动词不定式、分词和动名词。
一、动词不定式【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：to do 或do，其否定形式为not to do. 不定式可以带宾语或者状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
基本用法：1、作主语：To build the bridge needs much money.一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。
It is right to give up smoking.【2012．江西.单选】It’s very nice ___ you ___my parents your best wishes.A. of; sendingB. of; to sendC. for; to sendD. for; sending [答案] B. 句型It is adj. + of sb to do sth和It is adj. + for sb to do sth 的区别:前者一般用来表示人的性格，品德，所用的形容词一般表示主观感情或态度，如good，kind，nice，clever等；后者常用于表示事物的特征、特点，所用的形容词一般表示客观形式，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting等。
2、作宾语：The child pretended to be sleeping / asleep when I cameback home.注意：当不定式短语作宾语，还带有宾语补足语时，往往常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。
We think it is possible to finish the work in a week.补充：有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语。
如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope，wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，manage等。
3、作定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。
The building to be built will be used as a hospital.（1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
He is looking for a room to live in.（2）当作定语的不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其含义不同。
比较：Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？---to send 的动作执行者是“你”。
Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（“我”或别人）寄的东西吗？---to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或别人。
4、作状语：1）目的状语：常见形式有：to…. / in order to…. / so asto….We got up early in order to catch the first bus.2）结果状语：常见形式有：too…. to… / so….as to….(不能置于句首) / only to….Would you be so kind as to help me with my English?He returned home 15 years later, only to find his house burntdown.3）原因状语：We were very excited to hear the news.4）条件状语：To look at him, you would like him.= If you look at him, you will like him.补充：不定式也可以在作表语的形容词后面作状语：I am very glad to hear it.5、宾语补足语：He asked me to do work with him.注意：在feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make 等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to.如：I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to go.另外，在can’t choose but …和can’t help but… 等后面的不定式也省略to。
【2014．江西.单选】Jack loves sports. He is often seen___ basketball on the school playground.A.playB. playingC. playsD. to play[答案] D. see sb doing sth表示看见某人正在做某事；see sb do sth看见某人做某事，强调看见过程。
本句的意思是经常看见Jack在学校操场上打篮球，强调他打篮球的过程。
See后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动结构之后，要把省略了的to加上。
6、表语：位于系动词后，补充主语。
Their task is to build a railway in a year.7、不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等：如：How to solve the problem is very important. (主语)The question is how to get there. (表语)He didn’t know what to say. (宾语)注意：在与why连用的时候，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，且不定式不带to。
如：Why not have a rest?补充：不定式作独立结构，在句中作插入语。
常用的有：to tell the truth , to be frank , to make things worse…二、分词：【要点点拨】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。
现在分词通常含有主动和进行两个概念。
过去分词通常含有被动和完成两个概念。
1.现在分词--- V-ing ,过去分词---V-ed.2.基本用法：1、作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语应放在被修饰的名词后，分词及分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。
a developed country = a country which has been developed.an understanding man = a man who understands othersOr：The girl reading over there (The girl who was reading over there) soon fell asleep.The broken window (The window which was broken) will be replaced soon.过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：done：表示动作已发生；to be done：表示动作将要发生；being done：表示动作正在发生。
对比以下三句：The bridge built last year (which was built last year) is very beautiful. The bridge to be built next month (which will be built next month) will be very long.The bridge being built (which is being built) will be completed nextmonth.【2014．江西.单选】Anyone ___in the exam will be pnished.A. seen cheatB. seen cheatingC. saw to cheatD. sawcheating[答案] B 句意为“在考试中，任何人被发现正在作弊，将会被惩罚。
”see sb doing sth是固定结构，意为“发现某人正在做某事”。
Anyone 和see之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语。
2、作状语：分词作状语实际上就是一个并列句或者状语从句的省略，并对句子稍稍改动。
现在分词作状语可分为：一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生；完成式(having done)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
The old man passed away, leaving a lot of debts unpaid.Having finished (After he had finished) his exercises, hewent to play basketball.过去分词短语作状语可分为：一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；完成式(having been done)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
Scolded (As she was scolded) by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.Having been kept (As he had been kept) in prison for many years, he went mad.注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。
独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。
e.g. The baby sleeping (As the baby was sleeping)in the room, we darednot turn up the TV.【2015．山西特岗.单选】___the course very difficulty, he decided to move a lower level.A. FindB. FindingC. To findD. Found[答案] B 本句主语he 与find之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。