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Conceptual metaphor
概念隐喻
• According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one.
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Metonymy
转喻
Metonymy: is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain.It is a substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant, rather than the substitution of a part for the whole.
Metapher
Congnitive language
高校教师 范琳琳 LOGO
Stucture of the contents
Metaphor (隐喻)
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Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学)
Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments

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Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for understanding target

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结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor
含义：指以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使 两种概念相叠加，使谈论一种概念的各方面的词语 用于谈论另一概念。 e.g. • Life is a journey.
• I don't know whether to go abroad or not, I feel I'm at a crossroads.
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Distinction
转喻与隐喻之区别: 两个概念的关系:
转喻---对等关系
隐喻---相似关系

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隐喻和转喻的主要研究内容
隐喻是一个认知机制，在这一机制中，一个认知域 被部分地映现(mapped)于另一认知域上，后者由 前者而得到部分地理解。前者叫来源域(source domain), 后者叫目标域(target domain)。 转喻是在一个认知域中映现，如部分代表整体就是 一例，也可以是整体代表部分。

target: LIFE Birth Person Aging Death Problem in life Choices
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Traveler leaves starting point Traveler travels a long path Traveler faces a crossroad Traveler faces an obstacle Traveler reaches destination
e.g. • The pen may be mightier than the sword. 注: pen - power of literature sword - force • Have you ever read Jack London? 注：Jack London - works of Jack London
不同概念、范畴之间的相似性，是隐喻的基础条件。隐喻 产生的原因：一种理论认为隐喻是为了填补语言表达的空 白，语言的贫乏导致隐喻的产生。

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转 喻
转喻：英语为 metonymy, 源于希腊语meta-(变化)和
onoma-（命名），是最基本的连接过程。在转喻的过程中 如整体和部分、内容和形式的相依性。因此，转喻是发生在同 一认知域中的映射。
( M) ( M)
Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword. (M)
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Metaphor 隐喻
Traditional view on metaphor: metaphors are comparisons that show two things that are not alike in most ways are similar. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines: a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. How metaphor works? Metaphor: tenor(本体), vehicle(喻体), ground(喻底). Every metaphor is implicitly of the form ： X (tenor) is like Y (vehicle) in respect of Z (ground). eg. : Life (tenor) is a journey( vehicle).

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实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor
含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活 动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形 的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特 征及原因等。 e.g.
• Her thought was confused, like the bats above her, flying this way and that. • 她的思绪混乱，就像头上飞着的蝙蝠，忽东忽西。 • 注：将“思绪”比作“蝙蝠”，通过蝙蝠的飞来飞去形象 地说明人地思绪很乱。
• The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
• Metaphors are actually cognitive tools that help us structure our thoughts and experiences in the world around us.
Examples Definition Category Distinction between metaphor and metonymy

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Some examples:
Life is a journey. The man has a heart of gold .

Person is born Person ages Person must take a choice Person has problems in life Person dies
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Category Lakoff和Johnson在 Metaphors we live by一 书中将概念隐喻分为三类： 实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
一个或多个词义之间的语义联系是建立在相依性关系基础上的，
具体来讲可以把转喻表述为依赖于A和B的临近性与关 Company Logo
Metaphor is an ontological mapping from the source domain to the target domain. It is a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system. It is not only a matter of language but also a way of thinking, the way we conceptualize the world. (an effective cognitive tool for humans to know the abstract things in terms of concrete ones)

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隐喻
隐喻就是把一个领域的概念投射到另一个领域，或者说从 一个认知域（来源域）投射到另一个认知域（目标域）。
最常见的隐喻是用具体、常见的概念隐喻比较抽象的概念。 比如时间往往依赖于事物的运动模式通过隐喻得以表现出 来，语言中往往借助于事物、运动、方位等观念以隐喻的 方式理解和表达时间。
Life
journey

Target domain 目标域(本体)
Source domain 源域（喻体）
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Example： LIFE IS A JOURNEY
source: JOURNEY Starting point Traveler Path Destanation Obstacles Crossroads
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方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
含义：指参照空间方位而组建的一系列 隐喻概念。方位隐喻是人类身体的空间 感知经验向其他领域扩张的集中体现。 e.g.