小作文之“四力”一、语言描述能力词汇：1. 时间For: for the first six months, the number of employees remained the same.During: during the remainder of the year, production was slowing down, while imports increased. From…till…: from August till November, there was no change in energy use.Between A and B:Between 1950 and 1960, there was no change in the rate of fuel consumption.Before/After:Before 1960 the number remained small, but after 1965 there was a sudden increase.Over the period from…Over the period from 1983 to 1992, the trend was towards a decrease.From …onwards…years in a row2. 度量术语Amount quantity number figurethe total amount the total numberThe majoritythe greatest amount the greatest numberThe maximum The minimum（1）While the number of internet users was only 2.6 million in 1990, this figure has more than doubled in the last two years.（2）There are a number of people who ask advice for psychological problems.Other measurements:Length weight distance height altitudeArea volume size frequency3: 描述数据变化的词汇①表一般下降：decrease, decline , drop, shrink, reduce, fall, descend, lower②表大幅的下降：slump, plummet③一般的上升：increase, rise, grow, go up, climb, escalate, expand④大幅的上升：boom, leap, rocket, soar, shoot up⑤表恒定的词组：level off, don’t change, remain steady, stay constant, maintain the same level⑥表达到极点的动词: peak, plateau, particular point, climax, the highest point, bottom out, the lowest point⑦表波动震荡的动词: fluctuate, undulate, vary⑧表急剧的副词: dramatically, considerably, rapidly, substantially,⑨表缓慢的副词: gradually, slowly（slow down）⑩表示稍微的副词：minimally, marginally, slightly(11)表适中的副词: considerably(12)表示稳定的副词：constantly, steadily(13)表大约的副词: approximately, about, around, roughly, more or less4. 数字half double triple threefold quarter average total equal四大句型：1).（S.+Vi+状语）①The number of workers in General Motor decreased by 20 thousand this month.②The biggest drop of net income occurred/was found in 2000.2). S+Vt.+OThe number of IELTS examinees experienced a leap from about 200,000 in 2007 to 300,000 in 2008.experienced: had, saw, witnessed3). There be句型①There was a drastic fall in the popularity of BOBO hair style last year. Popularity:number②There was a tendency to level off at around 1000 after 6 pm.4). 分词短语做状语The number of Japanese customers who went to shop in Korea grew sharply in December, amounting to over 1500 each week.There were over 180 thousand people in Jie Fangbei at X’mas Eve, breaking the Jenius Record.5). 定语从句：1. 30%的钱用于食物，20%用于衣物，这占了女大学生花销的大部分。
2. 用在饮食，住房和教育方面的钱都有所变化，他们分别增长到22%，32%和12%。
3. 在2007年这个数据又有所上升，当时1/10的上班族坐公交车去上班。
4. 一颗灰蓝色钻石以2430万美元拍卖，这是世界上迄今钻石拍卖最高的价格。
6）导入数据的方式：1.from…to…2.With+名词性短语3.At+数据点4.i.e.,that is (Europe and North America have different level off population, i.e. over 731million and about 500 million for each.)5.总量达到。
二、比较与对比1.倍数的比较Asia is four times as large as Europe.Asia is three times larger than Europe.The oil price decreased three times.Our income increased three-fold during financial crisis.The profit percentage doubled from March to May.2. 比较出不同：The style of clothes in Maison Mode is superior to those in New Century.The style of clothes in is New Century interior to those in Maison Mode.Compared with A, there is a sharper increase in B.A andB are different in every respect.3. 比较出相同点：A is as strong as BBe similar to…Be identical in every aspectIt seems to be basically the same as…三. 结构组织能力1. 对比: conversely, on the contrary, however, whereas2. 比较：by comparison, compared with, similarly3. 递进：in particular, specifically4. 让步：in spite of, although1.Line chart sample oneThe graph shows Harry’s sales of hamburgers in 1998.This graph demonstrates the figures of sales of hamburgers in Harry’s in 1998. as we can see from the chart, the sales changed greatly throughout the year.As is shown in the graph, the sales of hamburgers in January, February, and March kept almost unchanged, around 2000 each month, in spite of a slight decrease in April and May, when about 1800 were sold each month. From June one, there appeared a steady rise of sales, which amounted to 2600 in July and 3000 in August, the highest point in the whole year. Then after August, the figure fell down steeply and bottomed out in October, arriving at 1200, despite a small rebound in November and December, which was 1900 and 2000 respectively.From the statistics shown in the graph, we can see that the sales were the highest in August in Harry’s a nd the lowest in October in the year 1998. (154 words)2.Line chart sample twoThe given graph shows the basic situation of savings and debt as a percentage of disposable income.This line graph shows Can adians’ savi ngs and debt as a percentage of their disposable income between 1982 and 1998. In general, the figures reveal that Canadians’total debt to income increased dramatically while savings decreased greatly during that period.From 1982 to 1985, the total debt to disposable income remained at about 56% stably, including about 38% mortgage debt and 18% consumer debt to disposable income. However, the total debt to income jumped sharply from 1985 to 1998 except 1994 when the percentage had no noticeable trend. In 1998, it reached the peak of 101%, of which mortgage debt took up 72% and consumer debt took up 29%. In the whole course, the mortgage debt changed almost the same as the total debt, while the consumer debt to income just fluctuated around 20% until 1995 when it increased suddenly to 25%, and then it increased gradually to 29% in 1998.On the contrary, the savings to income fell rapidly between 1983 and 1987 from 19% to 10%, and then it leveled off until 1992 when there came another steep decrease. In 1998, it bottomed out to 2%.3.Pie chart sample oneThe pie chart below shows the percentage of different practice areas of 1996 graduates of Tulane Law School. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Youshould write at least 150 words.The pie chart graduates of Tulane Law School.An obvious trend is that a majority of people from Tulane Law School are absorbed quickly into law firms since over half (63%) of the graduates were successful in entering private practice. Employment in judicial clerkships and business and industry accounts for almost a quarter of the total, with 12% for each category. Of the remaining graduates, 8% entered the public which is in stark contrast to those who entered the private sector. Only two out of every one hundred law graduates continued higher education immediately.’s resources. Inconsumes 15%; North America consumes 22% (with 6.4% population) and Europe consumes 32% (with 17.70% population).Developing countries, on the other hand, consume a small part of the world’s resources. In particular, the whole area of Asia except Middle East and Japan consumes 7.4% but has 40.6% of the world’s population and Africa consumes 3.8 of the world’s resources.Obviously, the world is using its resources unfairly. As a result, great differences have beencaused between developed and developing countries. In order tonarrow these differences,developed countries should cut down their consumption of the world resources.5. Pie chart sample threeThe charts below show the average amount of coffee drunk, in cups per year, by people in America and China over a 9 year period, from 1990 to 1999.5.Table chart sample one6. Table chart sample two6.Flow chart sample oneThe process diagram illustrates in four stages how the Australia Bureau of Meteorology gathers its weather information in order to make weather forecasts.According to the diagram, in the first stage there is the “incoming information”. Specifically, weather data is collected from outer space, on land, or at sea, using satellite, radar, and drifting buoy respectively. Next, this data is analyzed and forecast by experts. At this stage experts study satellite photos, radar screens, and synoptic charts to determine weather conditions. Stage three of the process is when the information is prepared for broadcast. This is done through computer which sends all necessary data to the fourth stage. At this point the weather data is broadcast to the general public via TV, radio and telephone.Thus, the process diagram clearly shows how weather data is collected, studied, prepared, and finally broadcast.7. Flow chart sample two: Life cycle of the silkworm1________________ the life cycle of the silkworm while 2_______________ summarizes the stages in the production of cloth.3_________________Initially, a moth lays some eggs on a mulberry leaf. 4_____________one of the eggs hatches and a larva that feeds on mulberry leaves appears. 5_______________ after four to six weeks, the larva spins silk threads to form a cocoon in which it pupates. 6_____________ in the fourth stage the silk threads are spun into a complete cocoon. 7_______________ten days later a moth emerges from the cocoon and then the whole cycle starts over again.Then, 8_______________ silk cloth is produced. In the first stage, cocoons are selected and then they are boiled in water. 9_______________ each cocoon is unwound into a thread three hundred to nine hundred meters in length. After that, the thread is twisted, woven and eventually dyed.Therefore, the process diagrams clearly indicates 10___________________8. Flow chart sample threeAs is displayed in the flow chart, the recycling process of glass is really a complex one.The overall process can be categorized into 3 stages. First, glass products in various forms are gathered in the Collection point, so that they are easily transported by special trucks or vans to the Cleaning plant, where they get sterilization by high-pressured water. There are three different channels in the Recycling plant, namely Brown, Green and Clear, which represent the colors of glass. After recycled in the furnace, glass products are melted into recycled liquid glass. Mixed with new liquid glass, the compound is finally moulded into solid glass, which, afterwards, will be sent to various customer supermarkets for selling. Thus, the glass will go to the customers for different purposes.Through a brief introduction of the circle of glass recycling, we come to realize that recycling plays a vital role in environmental protection and ecological preservation.。