– Proactive interference occurs when information acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information.
– Retroactive interference occurs when the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information.
Interference
• cording to interference theory, we also forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it.
• Strategies for improving encoding include the following:
– Elaborative rehearsal – Mnemonics
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
• Elaborative rehearsal refers to elaboration on the material to enrich encoding, such as inventing a relationship that makes an association less arbitrary.
The processes of encoding and retrieval
Levels of processing Processes and impilicit memory
Levels-of-processing theory
• Levels-of processing theory suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be committed to memory . If processing involves more analysis, interpretation, comparison, and elaboration, it should result in better memory.
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
• Information that is not meaningful is difficult to remember.
Sensory Sensory Attention Short-term Encoding Long-term
Input Memory
Memory Retrieval memory
Retrieval
Retrieval
• Retrieval cues are stimuli you use to search for a particular memory.
Retrieval
Retrieval :The location of stored information and its return to consciousness.
Retrieval Retrieval
• Retrieval – Recall involves the reproduction of information to which you were previously exposed. – Recognition refers to the realization that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before.
《心理学与生活》全套课件精品教案 Longterm memory 2
Encoding
Encoding: modifying information so that it can be placed in memory
Context and Encoding
• The principle of Encoding specificity suggests that memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding.
– Retrieval cues can be external, in the environment, or generated internally by physical states.
– Retrieval cues are more useful for recognition than for recall.
– Context-dependent memory – Serial-position effect
Context and Encoding
• Serial-position effect
– the first and last items in a series will be remembered better than items in the middle.
– The primacy effect suggests that the first items learned in a series will be remembered better than others.
– The recency effect suggests that the last items learned in a series will be remembered better than others.