轮胎的基本功能Basic functions of tire✓支承汽车重量——负荷Supporting weight of vehicle —— loading✓将驱动力和制动力传递到路面——牵引和制动Transfer driving and braking force to ground——driving and braking✓改变和保持行驶方向——操纵性和稳定性Change and keep steering direction——handling and stability✓缓冲来自路面的冲击——舒适性Cushion impact from ground—— comfort此外，耐磨性Wear resistance和节油性Fuel consumption economy，也都是重要的要求性能。
全钢丝子午胎的定义Definition of all steel radial tire：全钢丝子午胎：胎体和带束层都用钢丝帘线的子午线轮胎,用于卡车和客车. All steel radial tire: framework materials of carcass and belts are steel cords in radial tire, which is used in truck and bus.TBR轮胎的组成TBR tire componentsTBR（全钢载重子午线）轮胎组成各部件功能✓胎面Tread 与地面接触，驱动、制动、防滑和保护胎体等，有好的耐磨性能，抓着性能、防侧滑性，耐老化，耐刺扎性能✓胎肩垫胶Cushion shoulder 也称为支撑部，支撑胎面和带束层✓胎侧Sidewall 保护胎体，具有耐屈挠，耐撕裂、耐老化等性能✓胎圈Bead 使轮胎牢固地固定在轮辋上✓带束层Belt 固定胎体及增高胎面的刚性，是主要的受力部件✓胎体Carcass 象人的鼓架对身体一样，除了要承受轮胎部分应力外，还有缓冲性和稳定尺寸的作用✓内衬层Inner liner 有内胎轮胎的内衬层主要是减少内胎受到轮胎胎体帘线的摩擦。
无内胎轮胎的内衬层主要是代替内胎，使其具有保压的作用。
✓三角胶Apex 把胎体牢牢地固定在钢丝圈上和保持胎圈形状、提高胎圈整体刚性✓子口包布Chafer 增加胎圈强度，提高胎圈刚性。
全钢丝子午胎制造工艺All steel radial tire making process全钢丝子午胎生产工艺流程简图All steel radial tire manufacturing process flow轮胎和轮辋的总成Tire and wheel assemblyTire size：175/70R 14 77H中175代表轮胎宽度是175MM，70表示轮胎断面的扁平比是70%，即断面高度是宽度的70%，轮辋直径是14英寸，负荷指数77，许用车速是H级。
小型轿车排量在0.8-1.5之间轮胎规格相应的在155/65 R 13 73T--175/70 R 14 77H这个范围内。
大型轿车排量在1.6-6.0之间轮胎规格相应的在185/60 R 14-- 245/50 R 18这个范围内。
TIRE SIZE DESIGNATION:*The tire size designation must be supplemented with a Service Description. In the case of ZR tires, the service Description may be omitted.*Extra Load tires have the additional marking “REINFORCED” or “EXTRA LOAD” *Winter tires have the additional marking “M+S” (“MS”, M&S”, “M-S” “M.S.”, “M/S” are also permitted).*Spare tires designed primarily for temporary use have the additional marking “TEMPORARY USE ONLY”.*High pressure T-types ha ve a “T” prefix in the size designation, for example: T 105/80 R 13.*Tires marked with prefix “P” e.g. P195/70 R 13 and tires marked 195/70 R 13 are almost identical in size and can be mixed on a vehicle providing the load and speed capabilities are the same. If the load and speed capabilities are not specified, consult the TIRE manufacturer.SERVICE DESCRIPTION In addition to the TIRE Size Designation a TIRE may be identified by a service description consisting of a load index (or two Load Indices in the case of single / dual fitments) and a speed symbol.LOAD INDEX A numerical code associated with the maximum load a TIRE can carry (except for loads at speeds above 210 km/h) at a speed indicated by its Speed Symbol under service conditions specified by the TIRE manufacturer.SPEED SYMBOL Indicates the maximum speed at which the TIRE can carry a load corresponding to its Load Index (except for speeds above 210 km/h) under service conditions specified by the TIRE manufacturer.SPEED SYMBOL AND CATEGORY:CAR TIRES - LOAD INDEX：The LOAD INDEX is a numerical code associated with the maximum load a TIRE can carry (except for loads at speeds above 210 km/h) at the speed indicated by its Speed Symbol under service conditions specified by the TIRE manufacturer.SPEED LIMITS：*When the SERVICE DESCRIPTION is marked on the TIRE, the relevant Speed Symbol indicates the speed limit of the TIRE.Speed limit means the maximum speed of which the car is capable.When using special tires, for example Winter tires (M+S) or tires for temporary use, the driver must note and comply with their maximum speed.*Tires with a marking ZR (e.g. 195/50 ZR 15) are for speeds over 240 km/h.TIRE for speeds over 240 km/h may be marked with both “ZR” and the relevant service description (e.g. 195/50 ZR 15 82 W, 195/50 ZR 15 82 Y) to specify the TIRE performances; in the absence of service description, consult the TIRE manufacturer for actual maximum speed.*If they are suitable for speeds over 300 km/h, the Service Description should be marked within brackets. e.g. 195/50 ZR 15 (82Y)For example: 155 / 65 R 13SECTION HEIGHTHalf distance between the overall diameter and the nominal rim diameter. NOMINAL SECTION WIDTH: 155The section width of an inflated TIRE mounted on its theoretical rim and indicated in the TIRE size designation.NOMINAL RIM DIAMETER: 13Is a size code figure for reference purposes only, as indicated in the TIRE and rim sizedesignationNOMINAL ASPECT RATIO: 65One hundred times the ratio of the section height to the section width of the TIRE on its theoretical rim.NOMINAL ASPECT RATIO = One hundred times the ratio of the section height to the section width of the TIRE fitted on its theoretical rim.（100 * Section Height / Section Width）TIRE STRUCTURESDIAGONAL: (or BIAS PLY)describes a pneumatic TIRE structure in which the ply cords extend to the beads and are laid at alternate angles substantially less than 90° to the centreline of the tread.BIAS BELTED:describes a pneumatic TIRE structure of diagonal (bias ply) type in which the carcass is restricted by a belt comprising two or more layers of substantially inextensible cord material laid at alternate angles close to those of the carcass. RADIAL:describes a pneumatic TIRE structure in which the ply cords extend to the beads and are laid substantially at 90° to the centreline of the tread, the carcass being stabilised by an essentially inextensible circumferential belt."T" TEMPORARY USE SPARE TYPE - T TYPE (4,2 bar) “S” TEMPORARY USE LIGHT SPARE TYPE - S TYPE。