英汉对比语言学Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Contrastive linguistics isa branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages with the aimsof discovering their differences and similarities(especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas of study.A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinkingThe Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性）2) arbitrariness（任意性）3) duality（双重性）4) displacement （异时异地性）5) productivity （能产性）6) cultural transmission（文化传递性）The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language.1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence.2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings.Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions.morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1) phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, philological motivation P 41English is a phoneme language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, while Chinese is a morpheme language, or an ideographic language.Discrete words are separated-united words: Verb-object expressions which have at least one component that cannon stand alone and which can occur either togetheror with an object.Grammatically, most languages have units of five levels: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. （P 38)Many scholars now agree that character rather than word is the basic unit of the Chinese language. Comment on this opinion with supporting ideas or examples.（P39）A derivative word is a word which has one free form and one or more bound forms.A compound word is word which consists of more than one free morpheme. (填空）derivation (affixation) Compounding reduplicatio acronym blending What is affixiation in word-building? Is there affixiation in the Chinese language word-building? Why or why not? Explain your opinion with supporting ideas or examples if necessary. (P68)State, with at least 3 examples for each, the five types of word compositions in the Chinese language? (P 76)An acronym is a word formed of the initial letters of several words, for example, WHO stands for World Health Organization.Amerindian, Chinglish, sitcom, psywar are all examples of blending in the English language word formation.Literal translation 直译生态危机(ecocrisis) 同性恋(homo sexuality) 多媒体(mu lt imedia) 软件(sof tw are) 软着陆(sof t land) 快餐(fast food) 超市(supermarket) 绿色食品(green food) 绿卡(green card) 连锁店(chain sto re) 飞碟(flying saucer) 贸易战( trade war)黑色幽默(black humo r) 热线(hot line) 冷战(cold war) 白领(white collar) transliteration 音译尼古丁( nicotine ) , 尼龙( nylon ) ,扑克(poker ) ,布丁(pudding ) , 雷达( radar ) ,三明治(sandw ich) ,色拉( salad) ,沙龙( salon) ,休克( shock) ,沙发( sofa) ,探戈( tango ) ,坦克( tank) ,free(liberal) translation 意译民主(democracy, 音译“德谟克拉西”) 科学(science, 音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage, 音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin, 音译“盘尼西林”) 电话( telephone, 音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum , 音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin, 音译“梵婀玲”) 等。

Comment on the following language phenomena.no zuo no dieYou can you up, no can no BB Tuhaogilivable people mountain people sea zhuangbilityniubilityGDP CBD WTO CCTV NBAEnglish is a typical intonation language while Chinese is a typical tone l anguage. The syllable refers to a sound unit that can be pronounced independently and can be recognized by instinct, usually formed by a vowel with or without one or more consonants. (填空）Syllables in the Chinese language have clear-cut boundaries, and sometimes you can not read them together,while English syllables have no clear boundary and often form liason in speaking and reading.Lexical gap 名词解释That fact that a concept represented by a word in one language may not form a concept in another language can give rise to lexical gap. (P116)Compared with the Chinese language, the English language has a much higher degree of lexicalization? Do you agree to this idea? Justify your argument with supporting examples if necessary.Corresponding words in two languages do not have exactly the same meaning.(P128)Explain with examples at least one cause of lexical gap between the Chinese language and the English language.Translate the following into Chinese, paying attention to the semantic gap between the Chinese character 天and its English equivalences which is caused by different reference meanings. P133蓝天白云。