Chapter 16 – Motivating EmployeesTrue/FalseA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1. According to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ the majority of employees at Grupo Mconsist of highly educated professionals who work from their homes?False (easy)2. Ba sed on the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Grupo M has been profiled as a sweatshopwhere employees work long hours in dirty, dimly lit factories.False (easy)WHAT IS MOTIVATION?3. Motivation is an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive.True (easy)4. The three key elements in the definition of motivation are effort, organizational goals, and needs.True (difficult)EARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION5. Based on McClelland's three-needs theory, high achievers perform best when the odds are against them.False (moderate)CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION6. The best managers are high in the need for power and high in the need for affiliation.False (difficult)7. People with a high need for affiliation prefer cooperative situations over competitive ones.True (moderate)8. People will do better when they get feedback on how well they're progressing toward their goals.True (easy)9. Reinforcement theory is related to an individual's belief that she is capable of performing a task.False (moderate)10. The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals, expectations, and needs, andfocuses solely on what happens to a person when he takes some action.True (difficult)11. The lower a person's self-efficacy, the more confidence he has in his ability to succeed in a task.False (moderate)12. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior is a function of its consequences.True (easy)MANAGING YOUR CAREER13. According to a recent survey, the primary reason employees stay with their jobs is because of flexible workhours.False (moderate)14. Adding vertical depth to a job is called job enlargement.False (moderate)15. Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.True (easy)16. When a mail sorter's job is expanded to include mail delivery, the mail sorter has experienced jobenlargement.True (easy)17. Job enlargement increases job depth.False (easy)18. In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job requires completion ofa whole and identifiable piece of work.False (moderate)19. According to the job characteristics model, task autonomy is not important.False (moderate)20. Guidance from the job characteristics model suggests that job enlargement should take place rather thantask specialization.True (moderate)21. According to equity theory, a person who earns $50,000 will be less satisfied with their pay than a personwho earns $100,000.False (moderate)22. Equity theory has three referent categories: other, system, and self.True (moderate)23. The three variables in Vroom's expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.True (moderate)24. Vroom would say that if a person values an outcome, their effort to obtain that outcome will always begreat.False (moderate)CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION25. Flextime is a scheduling system in which employees work four 10-hour days.False (easy)26. Performance-based compensation is probably most compatible with expectancy theory.True (difficult)27. Open-book management is a motivational approach in which an organization's financial statements areopened to and shared with all employees.True (moderate)28. The loyalty of professionals is to their organization.False (easy)MANAGING IN AN E-BUSINES WORLD29. The challenge to motivating employees in an e-business is much less compared to motivating employees ina traditional organization.False (easy)30. Many employers are installing Web-monitoring software since there is no evidence that such efforts cannegatively affect employee morale.False (moderate)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. According to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Grupo M is the largest employer in______________.a.the United States.b.Mexico.c.Brazil.d.Dominican Republic. (moderate)e.SwitzerlandWHAT IS MOTIVATION?32. ______________ is the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditions bythe effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.a.Attributionb.Motivation (easy)c.Leadershipd.Goal settinge.Tenure33. The three key elements in the definition of organizational motivation are ______________, organizationalgoals, and needs.a. personalityb. abilityc. effort (easy)d. tenuree. strategy34. ______________ is an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive.a. A need (easy)b. Motivationc. Leadershipd. Goal settinge. AttributionEARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION35. Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs motivational theory?a. Herzbergb. Vroomc. McGregord. Lawlere. Maslow (easy)36. An individual who wants to buy a home in an expensive neighborhood with a low crime rate is satisfyingwhich psychological needs state?a. esteemb. safety (moderate)c. physiologicald. self-actualizatione. social37. The drive to find food, drink, and sexual satisfaction is based on what level of need?a. physiological (easy)b. safetyc. self-actualizationd. sociale. esteem38. The need for such factors as status, recognition, attention, self-respect, autonomy, and achievement areexamples of which of the following needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?a. physiologicalb. esteem (moderate)c. sociald. self-actualizatione. safety39. Joining a civic club because the members are considered to be very powerful and popular would besatisfying which needs state?a. safetyb. socialc. esteem (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. physiological40. Enjoying friendship with coworkers satisfies what need?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. social (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. safety41. Growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment, and the drive to become what one is capable ofbecoming are characteristics of which need according to Maslow’s hierarchy?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. sociald. self-actualization (moderate)e. safety42. A manager who believes that employees need constant control would be described as ______________according to McGregor.a. a Theory X manager (easy)b. a Theory Y managerc. a Theory Z managerd. a human relations managere. needs hierarchy43. Which of the following would describe the beliefs of a Theory Y manager?a. People have little ambition.b. Work is acceptable because of financial needs, but play is more natural.c. Employees readily accept responsibility. (easy)d. People dislike work.e. Managerial direction of employees is essential.44. According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction, managers should concentrateona. hygiene factors.b. issues such as pay.c. motivator factors. (moderate)d. extrinsic factors.e. non-motivators.CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION45. An individual who would enjoy taking on the challenge of personally redesigning the workflow of amanufacturing line to improve employee productivity would probably be rated high on which of the following?a. need for affiliationb. need for impactc. need for achievement (difficult)d. need for powere. need for control46. According to McClelland, the need to make others behave in a way they wouldn't have behaved otherwiseis which of the following work motives?a. need for achievementb. need for power (easy)c. need for affiliationd. need for motivatione. need for self-fulfillment47. Which of the following suggests that there is a need to have good relationships at work?a. need for achievementb. need for powerc. need for fulfillmentd. need for affective connectione. need for affiliation (moderate)48. Which of the following is not true concerning high achievers?a. They perform best when the success probability is fifty-fifty.b. They dislike gambling when the odds are high.c. They like a high probability of success. (moderate)d. They like goals that cause themselves to stretch a bit.e. They dislike achievement from accidents.49. Which of the following is true concerning individuals who have a high need for achievement?a. They desire to do many things with medium impact on quality.b. They seek achievement but not personal responsibility.c. They want slow but sure feedback on their performance.d. They dislike succeeding by chance. (difficult)e. They enjoy very difficult tasks.50. Employees can be trained to stimulate their ______________ needs.a. affiliationb. self-esteemc. achievement (difficult)d. powere. self actualization51. The best managers are high in the need for ______________ and low in the need for ______________.a. achievement; powerb. power; affiliation (difficult)c. affiliation; powerd. achievement; affiliatione. power; achievement52. Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning McClelland's three-needs theory?a. High achievers are best motivated in jobs with low personal responsibility but high task difficulty.b. High achievers tend to be good managers.c. The best managers are high in need for power and low in need for affiliation. (difficult)d. Employee need for achievement is innate and cannot be changed.e. High achievers are poor salespersons.53. The proposition that specific goals increase performance and that difficult goals, when accepted, result inhigher performance than easy goals is termed ______________.a. self-efficacy.b. reinforcement theory.c. path-goal theory.d. goal-setting theory. (moderate)e. equity theory.54. Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between goal setting and need for achievementfindings?a. Goal setting is superior because it recommends setting difficult goals.b. They are incompatible theories but there is no empirical research to support either claim.c. Difficult goals are still recommended for most people because only 10-20 percent of people arehigh achievers. (difficult)d. Goal setting is not needed with high achievers.e. They are very similar theories.55. People will do better when they get ______________ because it helps identify discrepancies between whatthey have done and what they want to do.a. inputb. goalsc. equityd. powere. feedback (easy)56. The higher your ______________ , the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed in a task.a. self-efficacy (easy)b. self-esteemc. reinforcersd. job scopee. motivation57. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from which of the following?a. external consequences (moderate)b. internal personality traits, such as need for achievementc. setting high goalsd. intrinsic satisfierse. hygiene factors58. A ______________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probabilitythat the behavior will be repeated.a. goalb. reinforcer (moderate)c. conclusiond. job characteristics modele. valence59. ______________ is the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichmentd. Job design (moderate)e. Job criteriaMANAGING YOUR CAREER60. According to a recent survey, which of the following is the main reason employees stay with their jobs?a.pleasant work environmentb.easy commutec.challenging workd.like co-workers (moderate)e.flexible work hours61. According to reinforcement theory, an individual would behave in a desired manner if which of thefollowing occurred?a. Nothing happened when they acted appropriately.b. They are punished for doing the wrong behavior.c. They set specific, difficult goals to achieve.d. They are immediately rewarded, such as a monthly bonus. (moderate)e. Their inner drives create the necessary tension level.62. According to reinforcement theory, if a manager catches an employee exhibiting unproductive behavior,the recommended action for eliminating the behavior would be to ______________.a. punish the behavior.b. reward their good behavior.c. reward other employees' good behavior.d. punish other employees exhibiting similar unproductive behavior.e. ignore the behavior. (difficult)63. The number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated is______________.a. job scope. (moderate)b. job enlargement.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job criteria.64. Horizontally expanding the tasks of a job is known by which of the following terms?a. job enrichmentb. job enlargement (moderate)c. task improvementd. job expansione. right sizing tasks65. ______________ is vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichment (moderate)d. Job designe. Job criteria66. Job enrichment increases job ______________, which is the degree of control employees have over theirwork.a. breadthb. scopec. varietyd. depth (moderate)e. feedback67. Which of the following is not associated with job enrichment?a. vertical expansionb. adding planning tasksc. increasing job scope (moderate)d. adding evaluating responsibilitye. increased employee control68. The research evidence on the use of job enrichment programs could be classified as ______________.a. encouraging.b. strongly supportive.c. moderately supportive.d. inconclusive. (moderate)e. unsupportive.69. What theory provides a conceptual framework for analyzing jobs by analyzing five core dimensions?a. reinforcement theoryb. job characteristics model (moderate)c. job designd. equity theorye. expectancy theory70. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requires avariety of activities so that an employee can use a number of different skills and talents?a. task identityb. autonomyc. feedbackd. task significancee. skill variety (easy)71. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requirescompletion of a whole and identifiable piece of work?a. skill varietyb. autonomyc. task significanced. task identity (easy)e. feedback72. The job characteristics model identifies ______________ as the degree to which a job has substantialimpact on the lives or work of other people.a. task significance (moderate)b. task identityc. skill varietyd. autonomye. feedback73. ______________ is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence and discretion tothe individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomy (easy)e. Feedback74. ______________ is the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in anindividual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of her performance.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomye. Feedback (moderate)75. In the job characteristics model, which combination of core job dimensions combine to produceexperienced meaningfulness of work by the employee?a. skill variety, feedback, and autonomyb. autonomy, task significance, and task identityc. task identity, skill variety, and task significance (moderate)d. task significance, task identity, and feedbacke. task identity, feedback, and autonomy76. Which of the following personality variables moderates the relationship between job dimensions andoutcomes according to the job characteristics model?a. need for achievementb. growth need (difficult)c. locus of controld. risk takinge. need for power77. The job characteristics model provides guidance to managers concerning ______________.a. job redesign. (easy)b. employee selection.c. pay satisfaction.d. collective bargaining.e. strategic planning.78. According to the job characteristics model, ______________ suggests that managers should design tasksthat form an identifiable and meaningful whole.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work units (moderate)c. opening feedback channelsd. expanding jobs verticallye. establishing client relationships79. Which of the following is an accurate statement about equity theory?a. It explains why a factory worker resents how much professional baseball players make.b. It suggests that people will feel fairly treated if they receive pay increases.c. It is based on perceptions of our own situation to others who are like us. (moderate)d. It is a theory based on needs.e. It is a motivational theory based on our job characteristics.80. In ______________ an employee compares his job's inputs-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others andthen corrects any inequity.a. reinforcement theoryb. the job characteristics modelc. job designd. equity theory (moderate)e. expectancy theory81. Which of the following is not an input according to equity theory?a. effortb. experiencec. pay level (easy)d. educatione. job tenure82. If a manager seeks equity by rethinking his situation and deciding that "on second thought my office isnicer because it has better carpet," this manager is seeking equity through which of the following methods?a. increasing his outcomesb. decreasing comparison other outcomesc. distorting others' outcomes (difficult)d. leaving the situatione. choosing a new comparison other83. Based on equity theory, asking the boss to give a "comparison other" at work more responsibility is to seekequity through which of the following methods?a. decreasing your inputsb. increasing comparison other outcomesc. decreasing your outcomesd. cognitively distorting the situatione. increasing comparison other inputs (moderate)84. Organizational pay policies are what type of referent according to equity theory?a. otherb. system (difficult)c. internald. externale. self85. In general, the research support for equity theory could be described as ______________.a. strong. (moderate)b. moderate.c. weak.d. inconclusive.e. there has been very little research on equity theory.86. In expectancy theory, the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort willlead to a certain level of performance is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy. (moderate)c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality.87. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief by a student that studying hard results in obtaininghigh test grades?a. valence of rewardb. expectancy (difficult)c. input to outcomed. goal setting to achievemente. instrumentality to reward88. In expectancy theory, the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level isinstrumental in leading to the attainment of a desired outcome is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy.c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality. (moderate)89. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief that having a high grade point average is critical inobtaining a good job?a. instrumentality (difficult)b. expectancyc. goal setting to achievementd. valencee. input to outcome90. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the degree to which a student desires a good job?a. expectancyb. effort to performancec. input to outcomed. instrumentalitye. valence (moderate)91. Which of the following is not an important issue surrounding equity theory?a. It emphasizes payoffs.b. It is important to understand why outcomes are important or unimportant.c. Expected behaviors are important.d. Reality is key. (difficult)e. Individuals are expected to maximize needs and/or wants.CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION92. To maximize motivation among today's diverse work force, managers need to think in terms of______________.a. flexibility. (easy)b. consistency.c. needs.d. wants.e. organizational strategy.93. A ______________ workweek is a workweek where employees work longer hours per day but fewer daysper week.a.flexiblepressed (easy)c.congruentd.parallel94. ______________ is a scheduling system in which employees are free to vary work hours within certainlimits.a. Compressed work weekb. Job sharingc. Flextime (moderate)d. Telecommutinge. Job enlargement95. What type of job scheduling option would allow two different employees to share one forty-hour-a-weeksystem's analyst position?a. compressed work weekb. job sharing (easy)c. flextimed. telecommutinge. job enlargementMANAGING WORK FORCE DIVERSITY96. At which of the following companies do new employees become a part of a mentoring group called―Horizons?‖a.Microsoftb.Hewlett-Packardc.IBMd.Silicon Graphics (moderate)e.Lucent Technologies97. The linking by computer and modem of workers at home with co-workers and management at an office istermed ______________.a. job sharing.b. compressed work week.c. flextime.d. telecommuting. (easy)e. job enlargement.98. Piece-rate pay plans, wage incentive plans, profit-sharing and lump-sum bonuses are examples of______________ programs.a. open-book managementb. expectancy theoryc. pay-for-performance (easy)d. equity theorye. job characteristics model99. Performance-based compensation is probably most compatible with which motivational theory?a. equity theoryb. goal setting theoryc. job characteristics modeld. expectancy theory (difficult)e. reinforcement theory100. ______________ is a motivational approach in which an organization's financial statements are opened to and shared with all employees.a. Open-book management (easy)b. Expectancy theoryc. Pay-for-performanced. Equity theorye. Job characteristics model101. Successful motivation of professions requires that managers recognize that the loyalty of professionals is usually toward their ______________.a. employer.b. short-term financial well being.c. long-term financial well being.d. family.e. profession. (moderate)102. All of the following are mentioned in the text as suggestions to motivating professionals EXCEPT:a.providing them with ongoing challenging projects.ing money and promotions. (moderate)c.allowing them to structure their work in ways they find productive.d.rewarding them with recognition.103. Which of the following is not a suggestion for motivating employees?a. recognize individual differencesb. make goals very difficult to achieve (easy)c. match people to jobsd. individualize rewardse. don't ignore money104. A review of eighty studies found which of the following methods produced the highest increases in productivity?a. goal settingb. job redesignc. employee participationd. monetary increases (moderate)e. job/person match105. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a suggestion to motivating employees in general?a.recognize individual differences.e goals.e collective rewards. (moderate)d.don’t ignore money.e.link rewards to performance.Scenarios and QuestionsCONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONChanging Jobs (Scenario)Marty sat in his favorite chair at home and pondered his work situation. The funding in his division had been cut by twenty-five percent but the numerical goals did not budge. Something had to change and he knew it was his job to figure out how to make the goals reachable. He had decided to try to make it work by changing the way tasks are combined in each job. First, he needed to know how many tasks there were to each job and how frequently each task is repeated. He also knew that because of the funding cut, people were going to be asked to increase their job tasks horizontally. But, he also felt that to balance this he should add planning and evaluating responsibilities. Together, even though the employees were clearly being asked to contribute more, he felt they would have a greater degree of control over their work. No one looked forward to this coming year ÄÄ managers or staff ÄÄ but it was do or die.106. Which of the following is the term that describes "the way tasks are combined in each job"?a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job design (difficult)e. job depth107. ______________ describes the degree of control employees have over their work.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job designe. job depth (difficult)108. Marty was also going to ask people to horizontally increase their jobs, also known as ______________.a. job enlargement. (moderate)b. job scope.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job depth.109. The vertical expansion of employees, or ______________, was also suggested by Marty.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichment (moderate)d. job designe. job depthA Management Tool (Scenario)The managers wanted and needed something they could actually use as a tool for redesigning the jobs in their departments. They had now sat through four days of management training but so far, with all of the fancy theories, they had not received any specific guidance in this area. Finally, on the last day of the training, they learned about the job characteristics model. Sure, it still had all of the theory and other academic jargon, but it also provided some specific steps to help improve the core job dimensions.110. One suggestion, ______________, encourages putting existing fragmented tasks back together to increase skill variety and task identity.a. combining tasks (easy)b. creating natural work unitsc. establishing client relationshipsd. expanding jobs verticallye. opening feedback channels111. Another suggestion, ______________, allows employees to judge the level of their performance.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work unitsc. establishing client relationshipsd. expanding jobs verticallye. opening feedback channels (moderate)112. ______________ can help partially close the gap between the "doing" and the "controlling" aspects of the job and increases employee autonomy.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work unitsc. establishing client relationshipsd. expanding jobs vertically (difficult)e. opening feedback channels113. The model also suggests that ______________ will increase employee "ownership" of the work and help them view their work as meaningful.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work units (difficult)c. establishing client relationshipsd. expanding jobs verticallye. opening feedback channelsWhat Do You Expect? (Scenario)The employees at Acme Toilets Inc. are not working as hard as Jill, their supervisor, would like. The salesmen aren't meeting their sales quotas, and Jill can't seem to motivate them to try harder. Jill has been studying expectancy theory and has decided to try to put it into practice.114. Employees are never able to meet their sales quotas and believe that no matter how hard they work, they'll never meet them. They perceive the ______________ of their success to be low.a. instrumentalityb. expectancy (difficult)c. valenced. performance-reward linkagee. attractiveness of reward。