Chapter 1Introduction of Scientific and Technical Translation第1章科技翻译概述教学内容：关于科技翻译、英语和汉语科技文体比较、对译者的要求、翻译处理方法教学目的：让学生了解科技英语的定义及其与普通英语的区别教学重点：英语和汉语科技文体比较教学难点：科技英语的定义、科技英语与普通英语的区别教学方法：讲解法、小组讨论法、案例分析法等一、What is EST科技英语(English for Science and Technology，简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
(EST is a kind of special English variant, which is used in scientific and technological activities.)科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
随着科技的发展与全球经济一体化的逐步深入，科技英语越来越彰显出其重要性，因此世界上许多国家都设立了科技英语研究机构，并在大学中开设了相关专业（如上海理工大学英语专业（科技翻译方向））。
（Since the 1970s EST gets into people’s wide attention and researches. Currently, it develops into a kind of important English style. With the development of science and technology and the deepening of global economic integration, EST has demonstrated its importance, so some research institutes of EST have been established and some majors related to EST have been offered in universities, like technological translation for English majors in University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST). ）本课程讨论的科技英语素材主要来自描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，以及对科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。
（The EST materials of our course are mainly taken from works, articles and experimental reports describing and discussing natural science, and also involve structural descriptions and operation instructions about instruments, meters, machines, tools and the like.）二、What is scientific and technical translation？科技翻译是指把一种语言所表达的科技文体内容用另一种语言准确而完整地表达出来的语言活动。
(Scientific and technical translation is also a linguistic activity that turns the technological content in one language into the one in another.)三、Stylistic features of EST 科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
(From the aspects of the content, the use domain and the discourse function, EST has its particularity and because of scientific workers' habitual using of EST some peculiar features are formed, making it distinct from everyday English and literary English.)科技英语以客观事物为中心，用词上讲究准确明晰，论述上讲究逻辑严密，表述上则力求客观，行文上追求简洁通畅，修辞以平实为范，辞格用得很少，句式显得单一少变，语篇中有许多科技词汇和术语以及公式、图表、数字、符号，句子长而不乱。
(EST places emphasis on the objective things, the clear and accurate diction, logical statements, concise and smooth expressions and plain rhetorical style. Meanwhile, in EST discourse，many technical vocabularies, formulas, charts and symbols are applied. The sentences are usually long and well-knit.)这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上(These features are mainly presented at the lexical and syntactic levels.)：（一）词汇层面（二）句法层面（一）词汇层面(at the lexical level)（1）纯专业术语多, 这些专业术语有以下特点：(The pure technical terms are common in EST discourse, possessing the following features. )a. 词形较长(The structure of terms is long)。
大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄，意义较为明确固定，符合科技英语准确明晰的要求（Many terms contain the affixes and the roots deriving from Latin, Greek and French, and have the fixed meanings.）。
如：nucleonics ([ˌnju:klɪ'ɒnɪks]“核子学”，词根nucleus“核”来自拉丁语)，autoradiography ([ɔ:tɔ:reɪdiəʊ'ɒɡrəfɪ]自动射线照相术，词缀auto-来自希腊语)，等。
b. 多复合词（The compound words are common）。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物（Some ways of word-formation are employed to create some compound words to indicate new things and new technology.），如radiophotography ([ˌreɪdɪəʊfə'tɒgrəfɪ]无线电传真)，anti-armored（['ɑ:məd]装甲的）fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹) 等。
c. 多缩略词（The abbreviations are common）。
为使用方便和节省时间，科技英语同经贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词（For the purpose of convenience and saving time, like economic and trade English, the . abbreviations are commonly used in EST.），如cpd (‘compound化合物)，FM(frequency modulation调频), TELESAT (['telɪsæt] telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。
（2）半专业术语和词汇多(The semi-technical vocabularies are often used.)。
半专业术语和词汇多指那些在不同的科技领域中具有不同所指的术语和词汇，其中有相当数量的词汇属于普通常用词汇（The semi-technical vocabularies generally refers to the words used in different technological fields with distinct meanings and most of them belong to ordinary and commonly-used words.）。
e.g. frame一词在日常英语中指“框架”，而在机械原理中指“机架”，在电讯技术中又作“镜头”解；normal在化学中指“中性的”和“标准浓度”，在数学上指“垂直的”、“法线的”和“法线”，在生理上又指“不受感染的”；transmission在无线电工程学中指“发射”，在机械学中指“传动[chuán dòng]”、“变速”，在物理学中指“透射”，而在医学中又指“遗传”。
（二）句法层面(at the syntactic level)（1）多名词化结构。
（nominalized structure）为使行文简洁, 内容客观，多用V-ing形式以及名词短语结构（For the purpose of conciseness, the gerunds and noun phrases are often used.）。
e.g. computer programming teaching manual计算机程序编制教学手册the generation of heat by friction 摩擦生热e.g. The rotation（[rəʊˈteɪʃn]）of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。