语言学复习习题集P a r t O n e Ex e r ci s es fo r P h o n et i c sI. Fill in the blanks1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel soundsare_________.4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________..5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips.6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________.8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________.9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.II . Choose the best answer.13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________.A. gottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds calledA. minimal pairsB. allomorphsG. phones D. allophones19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phonetics.C. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ø]D. [v]21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n] C. [1]B. [m] D. [P]22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [ø]C. [z]D. [s]III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .–______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. –______ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop.______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other.______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop.______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can bedivided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.Explain the following terms.37.Minimal pair38. Sound assimilation39.Suprasegmental feature40. Free variation41.Rounded vowel42. Pitch43.V owel glides44. Anticipatory coarticulation45.Allophones46. Complementary distribution47.Distinctive features48. Sonority scaleV. Answer the following questions.49. What is meant by phonetic transcription?50. In which two ways may consonants be classified?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. Articulatory2. airstrem3. voiced; voiceless; voiced4. friction5. tongue6. height7. obstruction 8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes 12. the maximal onset principleII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. AIII. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F].35. [F] It should be articulatory phonetics.26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] It is a voiceless bilabial stop.31. [F] Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.32. [T] 33. [T] 34. [T]35. [F] In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation.36. [F] The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r M o rp h o l o g yE x e r ci s e sI. Fill in the blanks.1. Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root.3. An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______.5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______6. All words may be said to contain a root______.7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class.8.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______shortening.9.______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound)12..II. Choose the best answer.13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational15. There are ______ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______.A. affixationB. etymol ogy •(46) •C. inflectionD. root18．The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .A. acronymyB. clipping D mationC. imitialismD. acronymy21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word "learned" is known asa(n) _________ .A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ .A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement24. All of them are meaningful except for _______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphF. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress._______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme._______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed._______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base._______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion._______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way ofonomatop-(eia)._______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes._______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English._______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations._______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts._______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.IV . Explain the following term.37. Morphophonology 38. Allomorph39. Bound morpheme 40. Back clipping41. Derivation 42. Morphological rule43. Closed-class word 44. Analogy45. Full conversion 46. Blending47. Base 48. HybridV . Answer the following questions.49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition?50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.”Keys1 . Fill in the blanks.1. lexeme2.affix. b,ur.,,:3. initialism; acronym4. vocabulary5. solid; hyphenated; open6. morpheme7. close; open 8. Backformation9. Conversion 10. morphemic11. derivative; compound 12. partialII - Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B19. B 20. C 21. C 22. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F]25. [F] Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second element.26. [T]27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word.31. [T]32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes.33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology.35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r S y n t a xExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _______ clause.4. _______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties.6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure.7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8. _______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalentsyntactic status.9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic •interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory.11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the "NP" "the girl who is watering the flowers" consists of Det, N and S, with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement. 12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.II. Choose the best answer.13. The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is _______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city and Rome14. The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to_______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves”is a_______ sentence.*A. simple B. coordinateC. compoundD. complex16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n)_______ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embeddedD. matrix17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A . Morphology B. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. ConcordD. Government20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. r-expressionD. binding21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A, ideational B. interpersonalC. textualD. social22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. .A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command24. The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, revealed by tree diagrams -A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] ._______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure._______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head._______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings._______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun._______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F)_______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T)_______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence._______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse._______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme._______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V._______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.IV . Explain the following terms.37. Syntax 38. C-command39. Hierarchical structure 40. Syntactic category41. Phrase structure rules 42. IC analysis43. Concord 44. X-bar theory45. Subordinate construction 46. Deep structure47. Trace theory 48. Move-a Answer the following questions.V. Answer the following questions:49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence?50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope.(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.(3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. sentence2. transformational3. finite4. Exocentric5. recursive6. deep7. C-command8. Coordinate9. hierarchical 10. trace 11. specifier 12. GrammaticalII . Choose the best answer.13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. BIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] .25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure.26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head.27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles.28. [T]29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically.30. [T] 31. [T]32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase "t love of God".33. [T]34. [F] This is called the rheme.35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.36. [T]P a r t T h r e e E x er c i s e s fo r S e ma n t i csExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.3. "Charge" and "accuse" are said to be _______ synonyms.4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________.5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________7. _________ sentences express judgment.8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________.9. "mean" and "frugal" are said to be ________ synonyms.10. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as_________.11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________.12. "Words are names of labels for things." This view is called _________ theory in semantic studies.II. Choose the best answer.13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual toformal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variation antonyms.D. Regional variation14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________A. gradableB. complementaryD. converseness C. reversal15. Idioms are_________..A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false.D. Truth B. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. falsehood17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________.A. propositionB. sentenceC. UtteranceD. truth18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an example of _________.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind.20. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b) and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that _________.A. sentence ( a ) presupposes sentence (b)，B. sentence (a ) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a ) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a ) contradicts sentence (b)21. "Socrates is a man" is a case of _________.A. two-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument22. "John killed Bill but Bill didn' t die" is a(n) _________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction23. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called _________.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. Truth value24. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _________ which can not bedetermined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. metonymyD. synonymyIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F] ._________ 25. Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value._______ 26. The relationship between " human body " and " face/nose " is hyponymy. _________ 27. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature._________ 28. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship of the two items are said to be relational opposites._________ 29. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning._________ 30. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same a; meronymy._________ 31. "Either it is raining here or it isn't raining here" is empirically true._______ 32. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently._________ 33. The linguistic context considers the probability of one word' s rnoccurrenee or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication._________ 34. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same referenae always have the same sense._________ 35. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to neg. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition still true._________ 36. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between lingu form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. •90 •IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference 38. Conceptualism39. Synonymy 40. Entailment41. Componential analysis 42.`Sense43. Homonymy 44. Semantics45. Proposition 46. Semantic field47. prediction analysis 48. Truth conditionV. Answer the following questions.49. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis into distinctive features?50. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?Keys.I . Fill in the blanks.1. sense2. Truth condition3.collocational4. the meaning of its structure5. gradable6. argument; predicate7. Declarative8. lexical ambiguity 9. emotive10. hyponymy 11.co-hyponymy12. namingII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B21. B 22. D 23.C 24. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]:25. [T]26. [F] The relationship should be meronymy.27. [F] Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. :.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship. 31. [F] It is linguistically true.32. [T] 33. [T]34. [F] Linguistic forms with the same reference may also differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and "evening star". They refer to the same star but differ in sense.35. [T] 36. [T]IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.38. Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the rind. 39. Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms can be divided into dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms and semantic synonyms.40. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: (a) Tom divorced Jane. (b) Jane was Tom's wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.41. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed ink HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.42. Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It i> the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.C h a p t e r 7Exercises for Language, Culture and SocietyI . Fill in the blanks.1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.2. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is he’s). Black English can_________ the form of “be”.4.The _________ superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the "polite" society from general use.7. Taboo and _________ are two faces of the same communicative coin.。