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第三章:英汉语言的对比讲解


3) His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异,他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
(英语简单句---汉语偏正复句的因果句)
4)The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transient failures away.
只消再经过几次失败,就能造出价格低廉的人工心脏了。
(英语简单句---汉语偏正复句的条件句)
5) The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
• 这地方实在是漂亮,所以许多人都把他们的家小 搬来居住。
• 2) It was a difficult task, but we accomplished it. • 虽然任务艰巨,可是我们完成了。
• 3) Grasp all, lose all. • 如果你样样都抓,就会一样也抓不到手。
• (四)英语倒装句换成汉语正装句 • 1) Here ends the diary of Dr. Watson. • 华生医生的日记写到这里就结束了。 • 2) Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in
• 在词序方面:英汉句子中主要的成分、谓 语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致 的。但是各种定语和状语的次序则有同有 异,变化较多,所以英汉词序的比较主要 是指定语、状语位置异同的比较。
• 定语的位置 • 1. 单词作定语
• a research-oriented hospital
• Something important
状语,常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的 前面,这点与汉语相同:
• John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.
• 2). 英语中单词状语修饰动词时,一般放 在动词之后,而在汉语里则放在动词之前:
• 1. (导弹设施等)无坚固掩护工事的;可攻破的:
• A soft aboveground launching site
• 2. (宇宙飞船的着陆)飞行速度在32公里/小时左 右的;软着陆:
• The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.
• 又如wear:
• He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.
• 又如fuel up on
• Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.
• 我们的队伍已经走得很远了,敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
• 2. 英语并列复合句转换成汉语偏正复句
• 1) This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.
• He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.(后 置)
• 英语中地点短语状语一般放在时间状语之 前,而在汉语中时间状语往往在地点状语 之前,如:
• He was born on Fourth in May 27, 1923.
• 小孩坐在石头上正打算从鞋里取碎石子,这时他看见一个 陌生人朝着他走来。
• 2) Hardly had I got aboard when the train started. • 我刚上火车,车就开了。
• 3) Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy’s reinforcement troops came up.
的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名 称。如:
• The U.S. State Department 美国国务院
• Computational linguistics 计算语言学
• The Pacific Ocean
太平洋
• tuberculosis
结核病
• helicopter
直升飞机
• Minibus
• He is running fast enough.(后置) • 2. 短语作状语
• 英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后,译成汉 语时,大多数放在被修饰的动词之前,但也有放在后面的, 视汉语习惯而定。
• Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.(前置)
• 2. to get even with
• Did you at least total the guy that hit you ?
• 在词的搭配能力方面:英汉在词的搭配能 力方面往往有差异。如:cut
• To cut wheat
• To cut cake
• To cut finger-nails
• 如:total—除了“总数达……”、“合计” 等词义对应外,还有:
• 1. to wreck beyond repair
• An earlier POW returnee was given a new Corvette by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month.
第二节 英汉句法现象的对比
• 对比英汉句法现象主要涉及句子结构、句序和句子内容的一些其他表达手段 这三方面。
• 一、句子结构 • 在翻译中,英汉语句子结构有时可以不转换,但有时则要转换。这种转换对
于我们正确处理形式与内容的关系,是十分重要的。英汉句子结构转换大致 有以下五种情况: • (一)英语简单句转换成汉语复合句 • 1)On April 2, 1942 HORNET put to sea escorted by cruisers, destroyers and a fleet oilet. • “大黄蜂”号于一九四二年四月二日出航,由若干巡洋舰、驱逐舰和一级舰队 油船护航. • (英语简单句---汉语联合复句并列句) • 2. This attitude has been described as anything from a “merciful loss of memory” to “escapist therapy”. • (人们对这种态度有各种的议论,有的说是“好心的遗忘”,有的说是“逃避 现实的疗法。”) • (英语简单句---汉语联合复句的分合句)
• the banker’s little garden • 银行老板的小花园 • the ancient Chinese alchemists • A little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven
beggar
• 2. 短语作定语 • A building project of high-rise apartment
• Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.
• 3). 英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置, 而在汉语中一般都前置:
• The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions. (前置)
reality. • 当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。 • 3) Here at last seemed credible history of the difficult advance of
man. (A. L. Strong) • 人类艰苦前进的历史终于在这里看来是能够令人置信的了。
• (三)英语复合句转换成汉语其它句子结构 • 1.英语主从复合句结构转换成汉语联合复句的结构
• 1) The boy sat down on a stone to take a pebble out of his shoe when he saw a stranger approaching him.
• Mascon (mass concentration) (表示月球表层下 高密度的)物质聚积
• Beddo (一种多用途的)床
• Plumber (原意:铅管工;)美国调查政府雇员泄 密事件的特工
• 4.英语中有许多词一词多义,其表示的各个意义, 分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应,多义词 的具体意义,只有联系上下文才能确定。如: soft
尽管两国高唱关系热化,但双方在互相侦查方面的急切程度 ,不减于冷战高潮时期。
• (二)英汉复合句转换成汉语简单句
• 1) It was well past midnight, and twenty-four U.S. planes flew high over the horizon.
• 已过半夜的时候,二十四架美国飞机高飞在天际。 • (英语并列符合句---汉语简单句)
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