当前位置:文档之家› 第1节 英汉词汇现象的对比

第1节 英汉词汇现象的对比

第一节英汉词汇现象的对比一、词的意义方面, 词义的选择二、词的搭配能力方面三、词序方面一、词的意义方面(一)(英语中有些词与汉语)完全对应——主要是一些专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。

如:The Pacific Ocean 太平洋helicopter 直升飞机minibus 面包车(二) 部分对应,如:marriage 娶,嫁gun 枪,炮sister 姐,妹(三)新词,没有汉语对应词。

如:overkill (核弹的)过度杀伤力,(宣传活动的)过度行为plumber 水管工,美国调查政府雇员泄密事件的特工(四)英语词义灵活,突出表现为一词多义polysemy,英语的词义主要视词的语境(上下文联系和词在句中的搭配关系)而定。

相比之下,汉语词义的稳定性就大得多。

英语中许多词一词多义,与汉语中几个不同词、词组对应。

如soft,除了“软的”、“柔的”,还有:1)无坚固掩护工事的,可攻破的:The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. 2)宇宙飞船的着陆飞行速度在32公里/小时左右,软着陆:The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.3)毒性较轻的,软性的:Marijuana(大麻) is usually regarded as a soft drug..4)非百分之百可靠的:At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not take action.作业:soft pillow soft cushion soft music soft woodSoft breeze soft drink soft money soft lightSoft voice soft fire soft hat soft answerSoft heart soft words soft goods soft water又如total,除了“总数达…”、“合计”外,还有1)彻底撞毁A POW returnee was given a new Ford by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month.2)向…报复Did you at least total the guy that hit you?如story(1)事件、事情、情况、情形:1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.2) It is quite another story now.(2)报导、消息、电讯:Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. (3)内容、内情、真相:Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4)传说、说法:He’ll be very happy if that story holds up.(5)热门、谎言、有意的渲染:The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television.(6) 身世、遭遇:The story of Rita Hayworth is one of the saddest.(7)情节、案情:A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story.作业:1.He is the last man to come.2.He is the last man to do it.3.He is the last person for such a job.4.He should be the last man to blame.5.He is the last man to consult.6.This is the last place where I expected to meet you.2.英汉词义辨析法任何一个词都可能有三个词义:一是结构词义,二是涉指词义,三是情景词义。

因此,辨析词义也必须从这三个范畴入手。

(一)从词形结构析出词义1. 大批英语词都是以合成法构成的,可根据其词义构成模式分析出其词义。

例如:Overwork rollerhockey lightyear lightweeklightmonth pickpocket2.英语中有极多的词是以词缀法构成的。

例如:1) A prefix modifies the meaning.Sure --- assure adequate --- inadequate lock --- unlock superpower supermarket superstar superspeed supersecret parabiospheric2) A suffix changes the function.Culture --- cultural ignore --- ignorant Legal ---Legality Globe --- global --- globalize ---- globalization --- globalizationalfortune – misfortune ---fortunate --- unfortunateCourage --- courageous --- encourage --- encouraging --- encouragement (二)从涉指关系析出词义所谓涉指关系是词在上下文中的照应关系。

语言中有些词的本身并不具有确定的词义,必须到上下文中寻找照应词。

(1)称代照应词:包括人称代词的各个格、代用词one、指示代词such、不定代词some/any/each/both;限定词much/many/few/little等。

(2)指示照应词:包括名词性指示词this/that/these/those和副词性指示词here/there/now/then等。

(3)比较照应词:即在上下文中有关涉词的比较形容词和副词。

如:I hate red shirt; white suits me but blue is the most preferable.句中the most preferable的关涉词是shirt,没有shirt的照应,the most preferable的词义就不能确立。

(三)从情景关系析出词义1辨析英语词义最重要的依据是词在行文中的搭配、组合关系。

比如:lightLight music(light=intended chiefly to entertain)轻音乐Light loss(light=not heavy)轻微的损失Light car(light=having little weight)轻便的汽车Light heart(light=relaxed)轻松的心情Light step(light=gentle)轻快的步伐Light manners(light=frivolous)轻浮的举止Light outfit(light=handy)轻巧的装备Light work(light=requiring little effort) 轻松的工作Light voice(light=soft)轻柔的声音2充分注意词的上下文,统观全句或全段。

The functions of the federal government have expanded so much that there are few aspects of national life outside the areas of its interests, if not its regulation.Regulation是一个多义词,有“规则、规定、管理、控制、调整、调节”等。

只有统观全句才能确定其涵义。

“联邦政府的职能已大大扩大了。

如果不说它控制了国民生计的各个方面,至少可以说一切都在它的关注之中。

”3根据上下文得出的词义判断还必须经过词典的证实或校正。

望文生义是翻译中最危险的错误。

1)He is in a class by himself.(误译:他独自分在一个班。

)正译:(class=distinction/excellence)他才华出众。

2)The President deliberately shunned all social functions at the White House.(误译:总统有意对白宫的社会职能不表示意见。

)正译:(functions=gatherings)总统有意避免白宫的各种社交活动。

3)From life to death is man’s reach.( 误译:人能控制的范围是从生到死。

)正译:(reach=An individual part of a progression or journey.)人生历程就是从生到死。

事实上,一个词在上下文中的实际词义往往在词典中是找不到字面对应词的。

我们要学会既恪守词典,又能融会贯通。

求义于词典又不拘泥于词典。

3、词义的演变和发展英语的一词多义是词义演变的结果。

因此,我们在翻译时不能忽视词义的演变和原文的历史背景。

如:Nice从古法语进入英语已有几百年的历史:foolish傻头傻脑的→wanton变化无常的→strange陌生的→lazy懒惰的→coy害羞的→modest谦虚的→fastidious爱挑剔的→refined精致的→precise精确的→subtle精巧的→slender苗条的→critical苛求的→attentive注意的→minutely accurate极精确的→dainty 精美的→appetizing促进食欲的→agreeable宜人的→pleasant令人愉快的。

试析:nice discriminations of thoughtsNice little five o’clock teasA nice shotToo nice about form翻译时,我们必须识别一个词在特定历史条件和时代背景下的含义。

相关主题