翻译工作坊之中国典故选介与英译Historical Chinese Tales, etc. and Their English TranslationSection 1 Chinese Historical Tales1. Fish the Same Way as Jiang Taigong Did, Who Cast aHookless and Baitless Line for the Fish That Wanted to BeCaught(The Way Jiang Taigong fishes --- to Catch Only ThoseWho Are Willing to Be Caught)Jiang Taigong is a popular name for Jiang Ziya, statesman and strategist. As an adviser of King Wen of the Zhou State in ancient China, he, at the age of 80, helped the young King Wu overthrow the Shang Dynasty and establish the Zhou Dynasty.Jiang was a senior official during the reign of King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. Since the king wasmuddleheaded and atrocious, and the masses had no means to live,Jiang resigned and lived in seclusion on the shore of the Wei River. The State Zhou was strong and prosperous. There Ji Chang (King Wen of the Zhou State)was courteous to the wise and condescendent to the scholarly, ruling the state with benevolence and uprighteousness. He had long been in search of a virtuous assistant. One day Ji Chang went to hunt on thenorthern shore of the Wei River. He saw an old man fishing by the shore who, oblivious of so many people passing by, continued to fish quietly. That was Jiang. It was said he was over 70 then. Ji Chang felt curiousso he stepped down from the chariot and walked to the old man, only to find the man‘s fishhook was not bent, impossible to get any fish. Realizing this man was not a common one, Ji Chang began to chat with him. He found this was the right man he was in quest of, so he said, ―Before he died, my grandfather had anticipated that Zhou would become prosperous when a sage came to us. You are the sage I‘ve been looking for. My grandfather had long expected your arrival!‖ So he calle d him Taigong. He returned with Taigong, sharing his carriage with him, and treated him as his mentor(导师;顾问;国师). Taigong assisted Ji Chang.The Western Zhou became more flourishing, so the people of other states came over and pledged allegiance one after another. After Ji Chang passed away, his son JiFa (King Wu) succeeded to the throne. With Jiang Shang‘s assistance, Ji Fa met the sovereigns of the other states in Mengjin and then they together sent an army to crusade against Zhou. As a result, King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty burned himself to death. After the downfall of the Shang Dynasty, Ji Fa established the Zhou Dynasty. Known as King Wu in history, he honored his father with the posthumous title of King Wen.**Chinese Version:1.姜太公钓鱼民间有句俗话，叫做“姜太公钓鱼——愿者上钩”。
这句话来自于一段历史故事。
据史料记载:姜太公名叫姜尚，字子牙，东海(今山东省日照市东)人。
因其始封于吕，故以封地为姓，又称吕尚。
商纣王时，姜尚曾任朝廷大夫。
因目睹纣王昏庸残暴，百姓民不聊生，遂辞官隐居于渭水之滨。
当时位于西部的诸侯国周国国力强盛，西伯姬昌(即周文王)礼贤下士，仁义治国，老百姓安居乐业。
但长期以来，姬昌一直未能遇到一位贤德的辅佐。
一天，姬昌乘车去渭水北岸打猎。
在渭水边上，姬昌看见一个老者在岸边垂钓，大队人马走过，老者充耳不闻，仍然是静静地钓鱼。
这位老者正是姜尚，传说当时已经70岁了。
姬昌觉得奇怪，就下车来到老者跟前，却发现老者钓鱼的鱼钩是直的，根本就钓不上鱼来。
姬昌知道老者是一位奇人，就跟他聊了起来。
经过一番谈话，姬昌发现这位老者正是自己要找的人，于是高兴地说:“我祖父在世的时候曾对我说过:‘将来会有一奇人帮助你把周族兴盛起来。
’您正是我要找的人。
我的祖父盼望您已经很久了。
”因此古代文献中又称姜尚为“太公望”或“姜太公”。
于是，姜尚跟随姬昌来到西周，被封为国师。
他辅佐西伯推行新政，西周愈加强盛，周边诸侯国的人民也都纷纷归顺西周。
西伯去世后，其子姬发(即周武王)继位。
在姜尚的辅助下，姬发在盟津大会诸侯，随后兴兵伐纣，商纣王自焚而死，商朝灭亡。
姬发建立了周朝，史称周武王，追封其父西伯姬昌为周文王。
周朝建立以后，姜尚被封到齐地，建都营丘(今山东省淄博市临淄区齐陵镇附近)，齐国后来成为诸侯国中的强国。
***Concepts of Translation Theory:AccuracyAccuracy refers to preserving the meaning of the original text. The term accuracy is essentially synonymous with the term faithfulness, but sometranslation theoreticians differentiate between the two terms. A translation which is accurate is faithful to the intended meaning of the original author.AudienceAudience refers to those who hear or read something. Translators must be well aware of who their audience is,to be most effective in translation. They must translate for their audience, using vocabulary and grammatical patterns which are well understood by that audience.Clarityclear, easy to understand, lucid, The quality of beingfree from unnatural forms or expressions which hinder understanding. Clarity is one of the three most important qualities required of a good translation, the other twoaccuracy and naturalness. being****Translate the Underlined Parts into English:*2. Xiangru Returned the Jade Intact to the ZhaoStateWhen King Huiwen was ruling the State of Zhao, he was fortunate enough to acquire a piece of jade discovered by Bian He of the State of Chu. Hearing this, King Zhao of the State of Qin sent a letter to theKing of Zhao, offering fifteen cities in exchange for the treasure. The King immediately sought counsel with General Lian Po and his ministers, confessing that he was worried he might thus lose the jade for nothing if the ruler of Qinbroke his word and refused to give him the cities, and on the other hand, if he did not let the jade go, Qin might come to attack Zhao. Much discussion went on, but the matter was not settled. At that time, Lin Xiangru was recommended to the King. He told the King he was willing to be the messenger and escort the jade to Qin. The King of Zhao dispatched Xiangru to Qin with the jade. On arrival, Xiangru was received by the King of Qin in Changtai Palace. Xiangru offered the jade to the ruler of Qin who was greatly pleased. He showed it round among his palace maids and attendants. The courtiers hailed and applauded. Seeing that the King of Qin had no intention of giving the promised cities to Zhao, Xiangru steppe d forward and said, ―The jade has flaws. Please let me show it to Your Highness.‖ The King of Qin handed the jade over to Xiangru, who, with the stone in hand, retreated a few steps to lean on a column, andin great fury rebuked the King‘s perfidy(背信)and a ddressed him, ―If YourHighness chooses to put pressure on me to submit it, I will immediately knock both the stone and my head against this column, and break both.‖ Afraid that he was going to smash the jade, the King of Qin made an apologyand entreated Xiangru not to do so. Then, he summoned the official concerned to read the map of Qin to Xiangru and mark off fifteen cities to be given over to Zhao. Being a cautious man, Xiangru had a notionthat the King of Qin was only playing a trick, pretending to make Zhao a gift of the cities, but not intending that Zhao should actually obtain them. So he said to the King of Qin seriously, ―Heshi Jade is known by all to be a treasure. That Zhao has offered it to Qin is out of fear. Since our King, when he sent the jade to you, fasted for five days, itis only proper that Your Highness should do likewise and, later, perform a solemn ceremony of reception in the main palace. Only then dare Ioffer the jade to you.‖ Realizingthat after all he could rob it from Xiangru by force, the King ofQin promised to fast and ordered Xiangru to be lodged in the guesthouse. Considering again that the King of Qin, although he had promised to fast and might actually do so, was any minute ready to go back on his words and refuse to give the cities, Xiangru asked his attendant to disguise himself as a commoner by putting on a coarse hemp coat and to return to Zhao with the jade by a short-cut.**Chinese Version:2. 完璧归赵据《史记》卷八十一《廉颇蔺相如列传》记载:蔺相如是赵国人，是赵国宦者令缪贤的门客。