One characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay(主要的依靠) of Western culture is the individual. This trait is manifested in the making of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individual’s contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centered individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.西方文化的一个特点是强调个人的贡献，或许这里有些许历史与宗教方面的原因。
以个人为主的西方传统风格，（演变到今日）表现在西方文化和创造发明中往往是制造个人英雄，并将其个人贡献置于集体之上。
其好处是激发人的进取心,弊端是导致以个人为中心,间接影响创新。
Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides. Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. The traditional Eastern education system stresses building a solid foundation, and then builds up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning affects the initiative to make bold hypotheses and argumentation about new situations and new problems.创新，到达一定程度之后需要各方面的配合。
东方文化则在这方面会起积极作用。
东方传统教育强调脚踏实地打基础，再将基础知识一步一步建立起来。
然而东方传统过于重视基础，强调死记硬背,影响了对新现象、新问题的大胆设想、论证。
Passage 2进入21世纪，发达国家所面临的共同问题，不是缺资金，而是缺人才；不是缺最新的资讯，而是缺最新的知识。
“知识”变成了一个国家是否进步1的关键因素。
把相关的知识有系统地运用到经济活动中，现在泛称为“知识经济”2。
唯有通过外在的教育与学习，浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识3。
“知识”像土地和劳动一样，是个古老的生产因素。
但因为现代知识成长迅速，变化巨大，又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合，促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚4。
Entering the 21st century, the developed countries are facing a common problem: shortage of talent, not funds, and lack of latest knowledge, rather than up-to-date information.Knowledge has become a crucial factor in the progress of a country. The systematic application of relevant knowledge to economy makes what we now generally call “knowledge-based economy”. Only through education and training, which people receive from outside, can the huge volume of information be turned into systematic knowledge.Knowledge as a factor in production is as old as land and labor. Yet, because of the fast growth and drastic changes of modern knowledge in its integration with economy, industries, science, technology and innovation, “knowledge-based economy” has evolved with overall impacts.•时文翻译第一节时文翻译的时代性和准确性随着中国与世界各国的交往愈加频繁，时文翻译变得越来越重要。
时文的内涵丰富，包括政治、经济、外交文件、新闻报道等。
随着我国经济的飞速发展，新生事物层出不穷，新的方针政策相继产生，新词语的大量涌现，所有这些都会给时文翻译提出新的挑战。
如何以地道、纯正的英语来翻译具有中国特色的政治、经济、外交等方面的文章，不仅要求译者具有深刻的英文功底，还要求译者能紧跟时代步伐，深入了解国内外重大事件的背景知识，方能准确、严谨地传译各种文章。
•一、时文翻译第一要求是准确性时文翻译要以最清晰明快的英文准确表达原文的精神实质。
即把“信”放在首位。
不能拘泥于原文字句，机械地从字面上“对号入座”。
[例] 使中央委员会领导干部年轻化[初译] make the Central Committee leaders younger[分析]所谓年轻化，是指把年轻一些的同志选入中央委员会。
[改译] bring younger comrades to the leading posts of the Central Committee•准确性[例]中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。
[初译] The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.[析] 机械对译，拘泥原文。
[改译] A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.•二、时文翻译要仔细斟酌汉语的组句形式，•避免中式英文。
[例]轻纺工业产品的花样品种增多，质量持续提高。
[初译] The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.[析] 词类、词序完全按照中文排定，有中式英文特征。
[改译] Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and also in richer variety.[析]打乱原文句型结构，按英文句法重新组织句子。
•三、时文翻译需要适当增减文字[例] 必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。
[译文] We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand. [分析] “两手抓，两手硬”是国内的时政习语，直译会令外文读者感到莫名其妙。
译文译为“不偏不倚地同样重视”，并增加了原文所缺的“一方面抓经济建设”的内容，更准确的表达了原文意思。
•第二节时文翻译典型错误透析翻译艺术至少包含四个层次：一是熟悉翻译理论；二是具备双语的扎实功底和丰富的语言知识；三是翻译实践中的创造性劳动；四是尽量多地掌握并善于模仿译入语的惯用法。
就汉译英来说，熟悉和模仿英语的习惯表达法是一个极为重要的环节。
本节的时文翻译包含了各种汉译英中常见的典型错误，冀希同学们从中得到某些技巧方面的启示，亦可在自己的翻译实践中引以为鉴。
•[例1] 工人们省吃俭用，希望为国家多积累资金。
[初译] Workers save food and expenses to accumulate more funds for the country. [分析] 机械对译。
“save food”是“把食物放起来”，应挖掘“省吃俭用”的深层含义生活节俭。
[改译] Workers live frugally to accumulate more funds for the state.•[例2]我国艰巨的社会主义建设事业，需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。
[初译]The colossal cause of our country’s socialist construction needs as many intellectuals as possible to serve it.[分析]主语没有用对。
如译文不能使主语和谓语动词相互搭配，就应设法改变主语或谓语动词，不能参照汉语句式进行直线硬译。
[改译1]China (our country)needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible for the colossal task of building socialism.[改译2] The services of as many intellectuals as possible are needed for the colossal task of building socialism in our country.•[例3]任何新生事物的成长都要经过艰难曲折。