Lecture OneOn Verse TranslationI. Part One: On Verse Translation1. Marcus Tullius Cicero (马尔库斯·图留斯·西塞罗，106 B.C.-43 B.C.)[荷马史诗《奥德赛》译者]His opinions on translation:Translate not as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, namely, the figures of thought;In language, conform to our usage; not hold it necessary to render word for word, but preserve the general style and force of the language;Count the words out to the reader like coins, but pay them by weight;Translate flexibly to make the version superior to the original.2. Quintus Horatius flaccus (贺拉斯，65 B.C.-8 B.C.)[诗人、翻译家]His opinions on translation:Do not be a literal translator, faithfully rendering word for word from the original language;A translator who is faithful to the original will not translate word for word.3. St. Jerome (347?-420)In literary translation, he translated the original into his own language by conquest.4. Gavin Douglas (1475-1522) [A famous Scot poet and literary translator]Flexible and free translation rather than literal translation;5. Nicolas Grimald (1519-1562) [A poet and translator; A translator of Cicero’s works]The Version should be as concise as the original so as to keep the complete original style;The faithfulness to the original should be the top principle of translation;6. George Chapman (1559-1634) [poet, translator of Greek classics]Against rigid word-for-word translation;Against over-free translation. (two extremes)7. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)Translate the poetry in essay style;(What is the essence of poetry? Something left after the original poem has been translated into the version in the form of essay; the poetic form is nothing but shining outer ornament or decoration.)8. John Denham (1615-1669) [A famous translator in the 17th century;A poet and literary critics]No faithfulness in verse translation;Translate poetry in form of poetry;Faithful to the original meaning rather than the original form;Add something new to compensate for the loss aroused by the alteration of thetimes, languages, and places.9. Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)[An important poet, critic, and translator; Famous for his translation of pindar’s poems]It’s ridiculous to translate a poem literally;Recreate freely with the original theme to make the version superior or equal to the original.10. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon (1633-1685)[A poet and translator; His main contribution to translation: translation theory; Essay on translated verse.] Poetry must be translated by poets.A friendly relationship must be set between the original author and the translator; Choose the original materials of his own style to translate;Comprehend the original thoroughly, and be faithful to the essential meaning of the original without addition or distraction.11. John Dryden (1631-1700)Translation is an art;The equivalence of beauty between the original and the version12. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)A translator must be faithful to the original to the most degree;A translator should not try to surpass the original author;Equivalent to the original style;Against literal translation as well as imitation.13. William Cowper (1731-1800)[ A famous translator of Homer’s epics]Against Pope’s free style of wording;A midway between metaphrase and imitation;The highest principle of translation: faithful to the original; tightly close to the original;Against translating Homer’s epic in English rhyme pattern.14. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)[ poet and critic]Different language is formed with different principle; hence the same expressions of the different languages do not mean the same beauty and grace all the way;The successful translation depends on the choice of the style.15. Pushkin (1799-1837)[The greate st people’s poet in Russia; a prominent representative of Russian literature in 19th century; a verse translator.]A translator must have his own freedom in the choice of original materials;A translator should enjoy sufficient freedom in translation; (imitation and adaptation);A translator must convey the original features as completely as possible.16. Rukovsky (茹科夫斯基，1783-1852)[The first true lyric poet in Russia]A verse translator should have more freedom in translation than an essay translator does; (An essay translator is a slave of the original author, while a verse translator an enemy.)A translator should only translate the original works with the same quality and flavor of his own. (Roscommom)17. Lermontov (莱蒙托夫，1814-1841)[A great poet after Pushkin]Translated freely and creatively to show the representative features of the original; The evaluation of a version depends on the literary value of the version as a Russian literary work.18. Fet (费特)[A typical representative of the pure-art poets]The artistic works have nothing to do with the people;The poetic creation should break away from the vulgar people;The wonderfulness in form cannot be separated from the genius of the work. Translate as literally as possible;19. Theodore H. Savory [A lingual scholar; his major work: The Art of Translation] Translation is an art: Literary translation as painting; scientific translation photography;His 12 descriptive principles on translation:1) A translation must give the words of the original;2) A translation must give the ideas of the original;3) A translation should read like an original work;4) A translation should read like a translation;5) A translation should reflect the style of the original;6) A translation should reflect the style of the translator;7) A translation should read as a contemporary of the original;8) A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator;9) A translation may add to or omit from the original;10) A translation may never add to or omit from the original;11) A translation of verse should be in prose;12) A translation of verse should be in verse;20. 苏曼殊：诗歌之美，在乎气体；然其情思幼眇，抑亦十方同感。