平面向量:1. 已知向量a =(1,2),b =(2,0),若向量λa +b 与向量c =(1,-2)共线,则实数λ等于( ) A .-2B .-13C .-1D .-23[答案] C[解析] λa +b =(λ,2λ)+(2,0)=(2+λ,2λ), ∵λa +b 与c 共线,∴-2(2+λ)-2λ=0,∴λ=-1.2. (文)已知向量a =(3,1),b =(0,1),c =(k ,3),若a +2b 与c 垂直,则k =( )A .-1B .- 3C .-3D .1[答案] C[解析] a +2b =(3,1)+(0,2)=(3,3), ∵a +2b 与c 垂直,∴(a +2b )·c =3k +33=0, ∴k =-3.(理)已知a =(1,2),b =(3,-1),且a +b 与a -λb 互相垂直,则实数λ的值为( )A .-611B .-116C.611D. 116[答案] C[解析] a+b=(4,1),a-λb=(1-3λ,2+λ),∵a+b与a-λb垂直,∴(a+b)·(a-λb)=4(1-3λ)+1×(2+λ)=6-11λ=0,∴λ=611.3.设非零向量a、b、c满足|a|=|b|=|c|,a+b=c,则向量a、b间的夹角为( )A.150° B.120°C.60° D.30°[答案] B[解析] 如图,在▱ABCD中,∵|a|=|b|=|c|,c=a+b,∴△ABD为正三角形,∴∠BAD=60°,∴〈a,b〉=120°,故选B.(理)向量a ,b 满足|a |=1,|a -b |=32,a 与b 的夹角为60°,则|b |=( )A.12B.13 C.14 D.15[答案] A[解析] ∵|a -b |=32,∴|a |2+|b |2-2a ·b =34,∵|a |=1,〈a ,b 〉=60°,设|b |=x ,则1+x 2-x =34,∵x >0,∴x =12.4. 若AB→·BC →+AB →2=0,则△ABC 必定是( ) A .锐角三角形 B .直角三角形 C .钝角三角形 D .等腰直角三角形[答案] B[解析] AB →·BC →+AB →2=AB →·(BC →+AB →)=AB →·AC →=0,∴AB →⊥AC→, ∴AB ⊥AC ,∴△ABC 为直角三角形.5. (文)若向量a =(1,1),b =(1,-1),c =(-2,4),则用a ,b 表示c 为( )A .-a +3bB .a -3bC .3a -bD .-3a +b[答案] B[解析] 设c =λa +μb ,则(-2,4)=(λ+μ,λ-μ),∴⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧λ+μ=-2λ-μ=4,∴⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧λ=1μ=-3,∴c =a -3b ,故选B.(理)在平行四边形ABCD 中,AC 与BD 交于O ,E 是线段OD 的中点,AE 的延长线与CD 交于点F ,若AC →=a ,BD →=b ,则AF →等于( )A.14a +12b B.23a +13b C.12a +14b D.13a +23b [答案] B[解析] ∵E 为OD 的中点,∴BE →=3ED →, ∵DF ∥AB ,∴|AB ||DF |=|EB ||DE |,∴|DF |=13|AB |,∴|CF |=23|AB |=23|CD |,∴AF →=AC →+CF →=AC →+23CD →=a +23(OD →-OC →) =a +23(12b -12a )=23a +13b .6. 若△ABC 的三边长分别为AB =7,BC =5,CA =6,则AB →·BC →的值为( ) A .19 B .14 C .-18 D .-19[答案] D[解析] 据已知得cos B =72+52-622×7×5=1935,故AB→·BC →=|AB →|×|BC →|×(-cos B )=7×5×⎝ ⎛⎭⎪⎪⎫-1935=-19. 7. 若向量a =(x -1,2),b =(4,y )相互垂直,则9x +3y 的最小值为( ) A .12 B .2 3 C .3 2 D .6[答案] D[解析] a ·b =4(x -1)+2y =0,∴2x +y =2,∴9x +3y =32x+3y≥232x +y=6,等号在x =12,y =1时成立.8. 若A ,B ,C 是直线l 上不同的三个点,若O 不在l 上,存在实数x 使得x 2OA→+xOB →+BC →=0,实数x 为( )A .-1B .0 C.-1+52D.1+52[答案] A[解析] x 2OA →+xOB →+OC →-OB →=0,∴x 2OA →+(x -1)OB →+OC →=0,由向量共线的充要条件及A 、B 、C 共线知,1-x -x 2=1,∴x =0或-1,当x =0时,BC→=0,与条件矛盾,∴x =-1. 9. (文)已知P 是边长为2的正△ABC 边BC 上的动点,则AP →·(AB →+AC→)( ) A .最大值为8 B .最小值为2 C .是定值6 D .与P 的位置有关[答案] C[解析] 以BC 的中点O 为原点,直线BC 为x 轴建立如图坐标系,则B (-1,0),C (1,0),A (0,3),AB →+AC →=(-1,-3)+(1,-3)=(0,-23),设P (x,0),-1≤x ≤1,则AP→=(x ,-3), ∴AP→·(AB →+AC →)=(x ,-3)·(0,-23)=6,故选C.(理)在△ABC 中,D 为BC 边中点,若∠A =120°,AB →·AC →=-1,则|AD→|的最小值是( ) A.12 B.32 C. 2 D.22[答案] D[解析] ∵∠A =120°,AB →·AC →=-1, ∴|AB→|·|AC →|·cos120°=-1, ∴|AB→|·|AC →|=2, ∴|AB→|2+|AC →|2≥2|AB →|·|AC →|=4, ∵D 为BC 边的中点,∴AD →=12(AB →+AC →),∴|AD →|2=14(|AB →|2+|AC →|2+2AB →·AC →)=14(|AB →|2+|AC →|2-2)≥14(4-2)=12,∴|AD →|≥22. 10.如图所示,点P 是函数y =2sin(ωx +φ)(x ∈R ,ω>0)的图象的最高点,M ,N 是该图象与x 轴的交点,若PM→·PN →=0,则ω的值为( )A.π8 B.π4 C .4 D .8[答案] B[解析] ∵PM →·PN →=0,∴PM ⊥PN ,又P 为函数图象的最高点,M 、N 是该图象与x 轴的交点,∴PM =PN ,y P =2,∴MN =4,∴T =2πω=8,∴ω=π4.11.如图,一直线EF 与平行四边形ABCD 的两边AB ,AD 分别交于E 、F 两点,且交其对角线于K ,其中AE →=13AB →,AF →=12AD →,AK →=λAC→,则λ的值为( )A.15B.14 C.13 D.12[答案] A[解析] 如图,取CD 的三等分点M 、N ,BC 的中点Q ,则EF ∥DG ∥BM ∥NQ ,易知AK →=15AC →,∴λ=15.12.已知向量a =(2,3),b =(-1,2),若m a +4b 与a -2b 共线,则m 的值为( ) A.12 B .2 C .-2 D .-12[答案] C[解析] m a +4b =(2m -4,3m +8),a -2b =(4,-1), 由条件知(2m -4)·(-1)-(3m +8)×4=0, ∴m =-2,故选C. 13.在△ABC 中,C =90°,且CA =CB =3,点M 满足BM →=2MA →,则CM →·CB →等于( ) A .2 B .3 C .4 D .6[答案] B[解析] CM →·CB → =(CA→+AM →)·CB → =(CA →+13AB →)·CB→ =CA →·CB →+13AB →·CB → =13|AB →|·|CB →|·cos45° =13×32×3×22=3.14. 在正三角形ABC 中,D 是BC上的点,AB =3,BD =1,则AB→·AD →=________. [答案] 152 [解析] 由条件知,|AB →|=|AC →|=|BC →|=3,〈AB→,AC →〉=60°,〈AB →,CB →〉=60°,CD →=23CB →, ∴AB →·AD →=AB →·(AC →+CD →)=AB →·AC →+AB →·23CB →=3×3×cos60°+23×3×3×cos60°=152.15. 已知向量a =(3,4),b =(-2,1),则a 在b 方向上的投影等于________.[答案] -255[解析] a 在b 方向上的投影为a ·b |b |=-25=-255. 16. 已知向量a 与b 的夹角为2π3,且|a |=1,|b |=4,若(2a +λb )⊥a ,则实数λ=________.[答案] 1[解析] ∵〈a ,b 〉=2π3,|a |=1,|b |=4,∴a ·b =|a |·|b |·cos〈a ,b 〉=1×4×cos 2π3=-2,∵(2a +λb )⊥a ,∴a ·(2a +λb )=2|a |2+λa ·b =2-2λ=0,∴λ=1.17. 已知:|OA →|=1,|OB→|=3,OA→·OB →=0,点C 在∠AOB ,且∠AOC =30°,设OC →=mOA →+nOB →(m ,n ∈R +),则m n=________. [答案] 3[解析] 设mOA→=OF →,nOB →=OE →,则OC →=OF →+OE →,∵∠AOC =30°,∴|OC →|·cos30°=|OF →|=m |OA →|=m ,|OC→|·sin30°=|OE →|=n |OB →|=3n ,两式相除得:m3n =|OC →|cos30°|OC →|sin30°=1tan30°=3,∴m n =3. 18. (文)设i 、j 是平面直角坐标系(坐标原点为O )分别与x 轴、y 轴正方向相同的两个单位向量,且OA→=-2i +j ,OB →=4i +3j ,则△OAB 的面积等于________. [答案] 5[解析] 由条件知,i 2=1,j 2=1,i ·j =0,∴OA→·OB →=(-2i +j )·(4i +3j )=-8+3=-5,又OA→·OB →=|OA →|·|OB →|·cos 〈OA →,OB →〉=55cos 〈OA →,OB →〉,∴cos 〈OA →,OB →〉=-55,∴sin 〈OA →,OB →〉=255, ∴S △OAB =12|OA →|·|OB →|·sin 〈OA →,OB →〉=12×5×5×255=5.19.已知平面向量a =(1,x ),b =(2x +3,-x ).(1)若a ⊥b ,求x 的值.(2)若a ∥b ,求|a -b |.[解析] (1)若a ⊥b ,则a ·b =(1,x )·(2x +3,-x )=1×(2x +3)+x (-x )=0, 整理得x 2-2x -3=0,解得x =-1或x =3.(2)若a ∥b ,则有1×(-x )-x (2x +3)=0,则x(2x+4)=0,解得x=0或x=-2,当x=0时,a=(1,0),b=(3,0),∴|a-b|=|(1,0)-(3,0)|=|(-2,0)|=-22+02=2,当x=-2时,a=(1,-2),b=(-1,2),∴|a-b|=|(1,-2)-(-1,2)|=|(2,-4)| =22+-42=2 5.。