CONTRACT
NO.:
DATE:
THE BUYERS:
ADDRESS :
TEL: FAX:
THE SELLERS:
ADDRESS:
TEL: FAX:
This Contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:
2. COUNTRY AND MANUFACTURERS:
3. PACKING:
To be packed in a carton of 4 dozen. Each, and 545 ctns to a 40’ container, total two 40’ FCL containers.
The Sellers shall be liable for any damage of the commodity and expenses incurred on account of improper packing and for any rust attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the sellers in regard to the packing.
.
4. SHIPPING MARK:
The Sellers shall mark on each package with fadeless paint the package number, gross weight, net weight, measurement and the wordings: "KEEP AW AY FROM MOISTURE" "HANDLE WITH CARE" "THIS SIDE UP" etc. and the shipping mark:
5. TIME OF SHIPMENT：During MAY, 2010.
6. PORT OF SHIPMENT：SHENZHEN, CHINA
7. PORT OF DESTINATION：V ANCOUVER.,CANADA
8. INSURANCE：To be covered by sellers for 110% invoice value against All Risks and War Risks as per Ocean
Marine Carge Clauses of C.I.C. dated 1/1/1981。
9. PAYMENT：The buyer open an irrevocable 100% L/C at sight in favor of seller
10. DOCUMENTS:
1. Full set of ocean bill of loding in original showing “Freight Prepaid” and consigned to appli cant.
2. Invoice in three copies.
3. Packing list in three copies issued by the Sellers.
4. Certificate of Quality issued by the Sellers.
5. Insurance Policy.
6. Certificate of origin issued by the Sellers.
7. Manufacturer’s certified copy of fax dis patched to the applicant within 24 hours after shipment advising
flight No., B/L No., shipment date, quantity, Gross weight, Net weight, and value of shipment.
8. The seller’s Certificate and waybill certifying that extra documents have been dispatched according
to the contract terms by express airmail.
9. Certificate of No Wooden Packing or Certificate of Fumigation..
In addition, the Sellers shall, within three days after shipment, send by express airmail one extra sets of
the aforesaid documents directly to the Buyers.
11. SHIPMENT:
The Sellers shall ship the goods during MAY 2010 on the condition that the relevant L/C arrives at 25th APRIL 2010 from the port of shipment to the destination. Transshipment is allowed. Partial shipment is not allowed.
12. SHIPPING ADVICE:
The sellers shall, immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods, advise by fax the buyers of the Contract No., commodity, quantity, invoiced value, gross weight, name of vessel and date of delivery etc. In case due to the sellers not having faxed in time, all losses caused shall be borne by the sellers.
13. GUARANTEE OF QUALITY:
The Sellers guarantee that the Commodity hereof is made of the best materials with first class workmanship, brand new and unused, and complies in all respects with the quality and specification stipulated in this Contract. The guarantee period shall be 12 months counting from the date of signing the Acceptance Report of this machine at the end-user's site.
14. CLAIMS:
Within 90 days after the arrival of the goods at destination, should the quality, specification, or quantity be found in unconformity with the stipulations of the Contract except those claims for which the insurance company or not the owners of the vessel are liable, the Buyers shall, on the strength of the Inspection Certificate issued by the State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.C. or the site inspection report issued by the seller’s engineer, have the right to claim for replacement with new good s, or for compensation, and all expenses (such as inspection charges, freight for returning the goods and for sending the replacement, insurance premium, storage and loading and unloading charges etc.) shall be borne by the Sellers. As regards quality, the Sellers shall guarantee that if within 12 months from the date of signing the acceptance report of this machine, damages occur in the course of operation by reason of inferior quality, bad workmanship or the use of inferior materials, the Buyers shall immediately notify the Sellers in writing and put forward a claim supported by Inspection Certificate issued by the State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.C. .The Certificate so issued shall be accepted as the base of a claim. The Sellers, in accordance with the Buyers' claim shall be responsible for the immediate elimination of the defect(s), complete or partial replacement of the commodity or shall devaluate the commodity according to the state of defect(s), . If the Sellers fail to answer the Buyers within one month after receipt of the aforesaid claim, the claim shall be reckoned as having been accepted by the Sellers.
15. FORCE MAJEURE:
The Sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The Sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within fourteen days thereafter, the Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance a certificate of the accident issued by the Competent Government Authorities where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. In case the accident lasts for more than 10 weeks, the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the Contract.
16. LATE DELIVERY AND PENALTY:
Should the Sellers fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract, with exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 15 of this Contract. The Buyers shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Sellers agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment. The Penalty, however, shall not exceed 5% of the total value of the goods involved in the late delivery. The rate of penalty is charged at 0.5% for every seven days. Odd days less than seven days should be counted as seven days. In case the Sellers fail to make delivery ten weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the contract and the Sellers, in spite the cancellation, shall still pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyers without delay.
17. ARBITRATION:
Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the
Commission's arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both partied. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
18.BANK CHARGES: All bank charges outside China will be on the account of the Sellers.
19.OTHER: This contract signed in three copies, the seller holds one copy and the buyer hold two copies.
THE BUYERS T HE SELLERS
外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: http://biz.doczj.com/doc/3d16030523.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
CONTRACT N 合约号 SELLER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码BUYER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码 Seller 卖方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: Buyer 买方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机:
EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理:
THE LEGAL OFFICE IS : 法律的办事处 PRESIDENT : THE OFFICIAL AGENT IS : 职务上的代理商 PRESIDENT : INVOICE NUMBER : 发票号码 COMMERCIAL INVOICE NUMBER : 商业发票号码 WHEREAS, The parties mutually desire to execute This Contract which shall be binding upon, and to the benefit of, the parties, successors and assigns, in accordance with the jurisdictional law of the negotiated and fully executed Contract with terms and provisions hereunder agreed upon. 鉴于双方均有意履行本合同并接受 其及于各方承继人和受让人的约束及利益，根据管辖法，各方按照约定的条款予以履行义务
摘要出口是拉动中国经济起飞的重要引擎。对于许多希望从事外贸的中小企业而言，每每涉及英文合同时常一筹莫展，不知如何下笔；有的缺乏重视，简单援用标准合同或直接使用国外客户发来的合同。为解决企业签订英文外贸合同中存在的问题，本文针对外贸合同中的常用条款一一进行了风险分析，就起草和签订英文外贸合同应注意文字处理提出了建议。 关键词外贸合同条款风险规避 据国家统计局2009年1月22日发布的信息①，2008年中国外贸进出口总额25616亿美元，同比增长17.8%，贸易顺差约2955亿美元，是世界数一数二的出口大国。然而，许多企业在对外贸易的过程中，有的忽视了合同的订立，只在合同中列出原则性意向，对有些重要交易条件不做具体规定；有的因语言水平以及人力、物力条件的限制，要么援用标准合同，要么要求外方起草英文合同。殊不知，这样对自身权益的保护带来了极大隐患。跨国贸易中，不仅有专业的国际骗子和无良商人骗取钱财，即使是正规的公司在遇到市场变化、财务恶化或其他情势变化时也可能利用合同的漏洞作出于己方有利的举措。因此，本文旨在通过对国际货物买卖合同条款的剖析，为企业订立英文外贸合同提供文字处理方面的参考性意见。 1合同标题 合同标题可以省略，但如果有标题，为避免对合同效力产生争议，不要以“备忘录M emorandum”、“建议书Proposal”以及“意向书Letter of Intent”等其他名称命名。 2“鉴于”条款（Whereas Clause） 合同中的鉴于条款，主要介绍缔约双方签订合同时的目的或背景。它不是合同的必备条款，对合同双方也不具有约束力，但是简洁、清晰的鉴于条款在争议产生时能帮助法官了解当事人的真实意图。因此重大合同中的鉴于条款应注意： 1）避免规定具体的权利和义务以避免造成对己方不利的约束。 2）避免出现与事实相反或与合同条款矛盾的文字表述。3合同当事人（Parties of Contract） 合同当事人说明合约当事人的姓名或名称、当事人的国籍与住所或主营业所等等。在英文中要注意注册所在地（Registered address）与主营业所（Principal address）的区别。当事人的名称与其信息应保持一致，防止不法分子虚构合同主体或进行无资格主体诈骗。仔细核对对方当事人的名称，许多大公司的名称和子公司名称很相似，如Johnson In-dustries Inc.和Johnson Industrial and Co.Ltd.就不是同一家公 司，它们的经济实力和履约能力的差别可能很大。如果担心对方的履约能力,可以要求其母公司提供担保或支持函。② 4品名（Name of commodity）和品质（quality of goods）条款 品名应使用国际通用名称，如苹果酒国际上通用cidre，就不要用apple wine。如果进口商要求改变品名以逃避关税或商检，不应予以支持。 商品描述必须明确、具体，有些出口商不重视品名的具体化也没有品牌意识，该注明品牌的不注，甚至仿古制品也省略仿制二字，极易造成争议。如何具体化？可加入具体的品种、等级或型号的概括性描述。如Sewing M achines,M odel NkBI-1”；“Fresh Egg,Grade A：50-55gm per egg”；“Bed Sheets,200x230cm,White”；“Philips Brand Vacuum Flask”. 品质条款应注意： 1）不要出现“大约about”、“左右approximate”、“合理误差reasonable allowance”等模糊语。 2）切勿将品质定得过高，超出自身的履约能力。 3）凭样品买卖时，给出样品的编号，必要时列出样品寄送的日期。尽量确认多个样品显示可接受的品质偏差范围。最好规定“品质与样品大致相同”。如果样品仅供对方参考品质，应注明“sample only for reference”。 4）凭文字说明买卖时，应明确规定商品的品名、规格、等级、标准、品牌或产地名称等内容。在凭说明书和图样表示商品品质时，应列出说明书、图样的名称、份数等内容。 5）尽量规定品质机动幅度（quality latitude）或品质公差（quality tolerance），给出幅度的上下限或公差的允许值。规定买方无权拒收未超出机动幅度或品质公差范围的货物，也不得要求调整价格。对于品质低于规定者也应给出具体的减价方案。 6）品质标准的约定要明确国家和版本，也不得低于法定商检规定的标准。 7）尽量不要使用多重标准。注意各品质指标之间的内在联系和相互关系。给出各指标的检验方法，防止外商设定某一过高指标或利用不同的检验方法得出不同品质指标进行诈骗。 5数量条款（Quantity Clause） 数量条款要求准确、具体，不应出现不同的计量单位。重量应明确是毛重、净重、理论重量，还是公量等。如果货物受本身的特性或包装和运输以及计量工具的限制，难以精确达到合同规定的数量，如大宗散装货物，可采用M ore or Less Clause—— —溢短装条款：The seller has the option of ship-ping4%more or less on contracted quantity.设立溢短装条款时 （中南财经政法大学外国语学院湖北·武汉４３００７０） 中图分类号：H31文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7894（2010）07-201-03 ２０１
附录 F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译 F. 1 .1international trade documents role General international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents. International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions. International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary means International trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents. International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has its
CONTRACT NO 合约号:: SELLER’S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码: BUYER’S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码: Seller 卖方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: Buyer买方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: THE LEGAL OFFICE IS : 法律的办事处 PRESIDENT : THE OFFICIAL AGENT IS : 职务上的代理商 PRESIDENT : INVOICE NUMBER : 发票号码 COMMERCIAL INVOICE NUMBER : 商业发票号码 WHEREAS, The parties mutually desire to execute This Contract which shall be binding upon, and to the benefit of, the parties, successors and assigns, in accordance with the jurisdictional law of the negotiated and fully executed Contract with terms and provisions hereunder agreed upon. 鉴于双方均有意履行本合同并接受其及于各方承继人和受让人的约束及利益，根据管辖法，各方按照约定的条款予以履行义务。
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:http://biz.doczj.com/doc/3d16030523.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
外贸合同常用条款中英文对照 1)买方须于____年__月__日前开到本批交易的信用证(或通知售方进口许可证号码),并须售方有权;不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部分,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。 The Buyer shall have the covering Letter of Credit reach the Seller(or notify the Import License Number) before failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice. (2)凡以 C.I.F条件成交的业务，保额为发票价的100%,投保险别以本售货确认书中所开列的为限,买方如要求增加保额或保险范围,应于装船前经售方同意,因此而增加的保险非由买方负 责。 For transaction concluded on C.I. F.basis,it is understood that the insurance amount will be for 100%,of the invoice value against the risks specified in the Sales Confirmation.If additional insuranceamount or coverage is required, the Buyer must have the consent of the Seller before Shipment,and the additional preminum is to be borne by the Buyer. (3)品质/数量异议: 如买方提出索赔,凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起3个月内提出,凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出, 对所装货物所提任何异议属于保险公司,轮船公司其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者,售方不负责任何责任。 QUALITY/QUANTITYDISCREPANCY:
第五周额外作业：外贸合同常用条款 1. Terms of Payment:付款方式： (1) Letter of Credit: The Buyer shall, _______ days prior to the time of shipment/after this Contract comes into effect, open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller. The Letter Of Credit shall expire ________ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated. 参考译文（1）信用证方式：买方应该在装运期前/ 合同生效后___ 日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销信用证。信用证在按照合同装船完毕后___日内到期。 Copying structure: 买方应与____日前向装运时间/合同生效后，开出。。。。（语句不通，没有检查） 用词谨慎：（1）买方应该在装运期前（合同生效后）___ 日，括号不表示或者的关系，而是补充说明的关系，而装运期前不等于合同生效后；（2）买方、卖方混淆；（3）开具不可撤销信用证给卖方，勉强可以，但是出于慎重，还是要说明受益人，因为原文有强调 信用证到期后的xx天完成装船-错误；in favor of…按买方偏好，为了卖方利益-错误（普通词汇的专业意义） 卸货：unloading/ landing/ discharging of the shipment irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤销信用证 开证银行开具的信用证可以是： 公开议付，即欢迎任何银行予以议付: 限定议付，即只限定指名由某一银行议付； 不许议付，即不许任何银行予以议付，只许由付款银行付款取单而且付款银行直接付款的对象仅限受益人。 议付信用证negotiation credit/ negotiation L/C ：指受益人可以自由选择到那家银行兑付(2) Cash on delivery (COD): The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within_______ days after the receipt of the goods. 参考译文（2）货到付款方式（COD）：买方应在收到货物后______天内将全部货款支付给卖方。 货银对付DVP：delivery versus payment, 证券交易结算时证券产品与资金同时完成交收。（常用与证券交易中） 表达不准确：买方应在。。。支付给卖方所有的金额/ 付全额给卖方/ 将全额支付给卖方/ 所有贷款 不认真-COD：化学需氧量！！！！！
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique
本合同由买方和卖方共同签订。即根据下文所规定的条款和条件，买家同意购买和销售商同意出售的下述商品: （6 （7）目的口岸： （8）付款条件：在收到卖方关于预计装船日期及装船数量的通知后，买方应于装运前20天，在上海中国银行开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤消信用证，该信用证凭即期汇票及本合同第（9）条规定的单据在开证行付款。 （9）单据：为方便买方检查，所有单据应与本合同中使用单据版本相同。 按要求填写全套清洁已装船提单，空白背书，通知目的港的中国对外贸易运输总公司ZHONGWAIYUN。（如果本合同中的价格基于离岸价格，则注明“运费到付”或“运费按租船合同支付”，如果本合同中的价格基于成本加运费，则注明“运费预付”） B. 发票：注明合同编号，装运标记，承运船只的名字和信用证编号，如果分批装运，需注明分批号。 C．装箱单（或货运重量单）：注明合同编号，装运标记，每个包装货物的总重和净重。 D．制造商签发的合同货物的品质及数量（或重量）的证明书 ?品质证明书内应列入根据合同规定的标准进行的化学成分，机械性能及其他各种试验的结果。 E. 按照本合同第（11）条的规定来做装船通知的电报副本。 F. 按照本合同第（10）条的规定来做航行证明书，（如本合同的价格条件是在CFR的基础上则需要此证明书，如本合同的价格条件是以FOB为基础，则不需要此项证明书。）
（10）装运条件 A. 离岸价交付条款 a) 买方或者买方运输代理人中国租船公司负责安排装货船只，用来装运该合同的货物。卖方负担货物装到船面为止的一切费用和风险。 b）卖方必须在合同规定的交货期限的三十天前将合同号、货物名称、数量、装货港口及预计货物运达装运口岸日期，通过电报的方式通知给买方，以便买方安排舱位。并且也要同时通知买方在装货港口的代理。如果在规定日期内买方没接到上述通知，即作为卖方同意在合同规定期内任何日期交货，买方将主动租订舱位。 c）买方应在预计装货日期12天前，将预计受载日期、合同号码、船舶名称、装载数量、货运代理人等信息以电报方式通知卖方。随后卖方应与货运代理人按部安排装货。如因故需替换船只或更改船期时,买方或货运代理人应以相同的原因及时通知卖方。 d）如果买方所租货船到达装货港后，卖方未能按时将货物装船，包括空仓费及滞期罚款等一切损失均由卖方承担。如果货船未能在指定期限内到达装货港而被货运代理控诉，从在装货港免费存放时间届满后的第十六天起，所有货物存储及保险费用均由买方承担。但货船到达装货港后立即装船的义务，费用与风险，应由卖方承担。凭借原始单据报销以上所提及的费用和损失。 B．成本与寄送费用条款 卖方负责将合同所列货物由装运口岸装至直达班轮到目的口岸,中途不得转船.运货船只不得悬挂买方不能接受的国家的国旗。 （11）装运通知：一旦装运完毕，卖方应即刻电告买方合同号、品名、装载数量、毛重和净重、发票金额、货船名称和装船日期。 （12）保险：由买方负责装船，为此，卖方应该以电报的方式通知买方如本合同11条款所述的详细信息。如果因卖方未能通知买方以上信息而导致买方无法安排保险，那么卖方将对买方所遭受的所有损失负有责任。 （13）检验和索赔：货卸目的口岸，买方有权申请中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局进行检验。如发现货物的品质及/或数量/重量与合同或发票不符：除属于保险公司及/或船公司的责任外，买方有权在货卸目的口岸后90天内，根据中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局出具的证明书向卖方提出索赔，因索赔所发生的一切费用（包括检验费用）均有卖方负担。FOB价格条件时，如重量短缺，买方有权同时索赔短重部分的运费。 （14）不可抗力：在不可抗力中，卖方不会为货物在运输过程中延期或未投递的货物承担任何责任，但是应及时通知买方，并以挂号函的方式向买方出具政府或当局商会的证明。如果运送的货物已经延迟超过一个月，作为不可抗力的一种后果，买方有权利取消这次的合同。如果卖方没有获得许可证，那也就不得作为不可抗力。
国际化经营 工商企业日趋国际化，但他们中大多数不是出于战略上的选择，而是经历了一个缓慢的“循序渐进”的过程。有些公司开始被吸引到国际市场上来，是因为收到了找上门来的定单，在发现新的机会之后，通过一系列步骤走向国外建立生产广家。有些公司主动进行国际经营是为了对付寡头卖主垄断的威胁。还有些公司则是碰上了特殊机遇，通过在国外经营来开发资源供应，获得外国技术或提高生产效率。许多公司在成为全球性企业的某一阶段，都被生动地描绘成由一种特别关系网把不同国家各种各样的公司联系在一起的投资组合。 这些早期的经营措施，很难说是完整的全球战略的一部分。但是由于国际范围的竞争、国家控制措施和公司日渐意识到增效利益而产生压力时，越来越多的公司在制定全球战略，采用全球规划程序。全球战略是表示企业战略的一项计划，考虑到地理来源和地理机遇及限制，从其有限资源的地理分布中，最大限度地扩大选择的目标。 全球战略，除了包括公司如何进入新的市场、要拥有些什么和如何进行全球运作外，还包括制定规划、选择时机和确定公司的经营地点和资源。合理地制定全球战略，需要认真评估全球各种可选择的方案和每个方案涉及的风险。制订全球战略，决策者绝不要对任何国家充满盲目性，必须先考虑到世界市场及世界资源的分布，再考虑单独某一国家的市场和资源。全球战略旨在于在多国的基础上取得最大的效益，而不是把国际经营活动当作不同国家的业务组合。 需要有一个全球战略的基本原因，是多数产品和生产要素市场超越了国家的界限，但最终决定经营的竞争，并不局限在个别的地点和国家市场。因此，为了保持具有竞争性，或者变为具有竞争性，大多数公司的战略范围必须包括国内外市场的威胁和机遇。如果国内竞争者的视野拓宽，规模扩大，而这家公司仍旧小规模经营，就会发现自己不能在研究或产品开发方面与他人并驾齐驱。即使国内竞争没有迅速扩展到其他市场，外国公司也会采取气势逼人的战略。当日本的公司大规模地打入欧美传统市场的时候，欧美许多产业的公司对这种竞争性的挑战大都毫无准备。凡在全球战略中没有包括日本人锐意争取的那些价格区段的汽车公司，立即在成本上处于不利地位。在摩托车工业中，把迅速增长的市场拱手让与日本竞争者的情况更为严重。很多著名的公司完全销声匿迹。 在美国市场上，取得成就会领先，所以美国公司过去在产品寿命的最初阶段不必
中英文外贸合同范本 外贸合同是国际贸易中的重要文件,也是一种必不可少的法律依据,而商务英语正是从事国际贸易专业人员不可或缺的语言,也是外贸合同中的主要语言。随着经济全球化的快速发展,国际间的贸易活动与日俱增,外贸合同的涉及面越来越广泛,内容越来越复杂,要想保障国际贸易中合同签订双方的合法权利,就必须准确的理解、翻译外贸合同。以下是小编为大家精心准备的：中英文外贸合同相关范本。欢迎参考阅读! 中英文外贸合同范本一 合同编号：_________________ contract no:_______________ 签订日期：_________________ date:______________________ 签订地点：_________________ signed at : _______________ 电话：____________________ tel: ______________________
传真：____________________ fax:_______________________ 电报：____________________ cable: ____________________ 电传：____________________ telex: ____________________ 电话：____________________ tel: ______________________ 传真：____________________ fax:_______________________ 电报：_____________________