Who Worked in the women Movements?
• The women who formed the women's movement included professionals; educated women of color; young or middle-aged white housewives and mothers, as well as young activists.
Betty Friedan（贝蒂· 弗里丹）
• 本名贝蒂· 娜奥米· 戈德斯坦(Betty Naomi Goldstein)，1921年2月4日生于伊利诺伊州皮奥 里亚。她求学于伯克利加州大学，并为左翼和工 会报刊工作，1947年嫁与戏剧导演卡尔· 弗里丹， 1952年怀第二胎时被报社解雇 。贝蒂· 弗里丹育 有子女三人，1969年与卡尔· 弗里丹离婚 。在女 权运动中，她号召女性不要再手握贤妻良母的空 头支票，忍受不完整的无名痛苦，而应勇于抛下 吸尘器，离开丈夫和孩子，去求得自我实现。
• 贝蒂· 弗里丹横空出世的20世 纪60年代，全世界都在经历 社会和思想的大震荡。其时， 美国的民权运动已开花结果， “平等”的口号深入人心。 1963年她的《女性迷思》 (The Feminine Mystique) 一 书，简直就是呼之欲出了。 此书的诉求，是要为女性被 禁锢于家庭生活，单纯为人 妻、为人母，且苦于一种 “无名的难题”(the problem that has no name) 的状况鸣不平，并鼓励妇女 离开丈夫和孩子，去求得自 我实现，而不必因此产生负 罪感。
• In the past only men were permitted to vote. Only men could own land and practice most professions. Women could not get a higher education or hold public office. The woman's place was considered to be the home. Working women were not common. They usually had poor jobs and little respect. Many American women have worked to reduce the restrictions that society placed on them. They have met opposition. Slowly, however, the opportunities for women have increased. Colleges and universities were established for women. Later women were admitted to schools originally established only for men. In the early part of this century, American women were finally allowed to vote. During and since World War II American women have become a considerable part of the American work force.
• The first was a group of professional women who 1 were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women by President Kennedy in 1961. Most were not feminists until they began to investigate the situation for women in the United States. They found that women in the U. S. were not equal with men, and the situation of some women was shocking. So they recommended that Commissions be established in all 50 states, and the number of women working on Commissions soon grew to over 1000.
• Today, many women in America hold important positions or are pursuing careers that they could not pursue in the past. But many women are dissatisfied with the current situation. They point out that women are often paid less than men for the same work they do. The top positions in nearly all fields are still overwhelmingly held by men. In many ways, a woman's life is still dominated by her father or her husband. Recently women worked to get an amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing their rights. The equal rights amendment, as it was called, was supported by most congressmen and most states. It did not get the support of two-thirds of the states which is necessary for a constitutional amendment. Nevertheless, the role and the rights of American women is an important concern in the U.S. today.
• They believed the male 3 leaders of these movements were discriminating against women in the movement. They became known as the "women's liberation" group, or "women's lib", used radical tactics and received a great deal of bad publicity. This group found strong support among large numbers of young activists from other organizations.
Three groups
• The first was a group of professional women • The second group were mostly white housewives and mothers • The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movements
The Women's Movement
“Speak your heart without interruption“ ”The family is not the end”
（“家庭不是终点” ） （让我们一起倾诉自己的心声吧）
女权运动
女权运动，即妇女解放运动。目的是为妇女争取平 等权利，赋予妇女以与男子平等的地位，以及选择 自己的职业和生活方式的自由。 女权运动的三个阶段： • 18世纪末至20世纪20年代为第一阶段，这个时期是 女性主义的萌芽期，也可以称作是传统的女性主义。 这个时期的女性主义，主要争取与男性平等的教育 权利，政治权利，经商权和财产继承权等。 • 从第一次世界大战到20世纪60年代，是女权运动的 第二阶段，也是女权运动发展的停滞期。第一个原 因是是女性主义的思路比较茫然，其二是由于第二 次世界大战的爆发，让女性不得不安于贤妻良母的 地位。 • 20世纪60年代以来兴起的新女权运动，是女权运动 的第三阶段，其间爆发了女权主义的第二次浪潮。
2 • Those who read Betty Friedan's
book, The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963.The book changed the way large numbers of women— between 10000 and 20000— thought about themselves and other women.
Why Did the women Movements Begin?
• Middle-class white women were welleducated and had the opportunity to work in responsible jobs for good pay during World War II. But when men returned from the war, they were given the good jobs. Women earned less money and had fewer opportunities to advance than men working in the same jobs, or they became housewives, isolated at home with their children.